Chapter 7 Livestock Nutrition

1
Chapter 7 Livestock Nutrition

• Classification and use of
• Feeds

2
Classifications of Feeds

• Air dry roughages contain more than 18 crude
  fiber and less than 60 total digestible
  nutrients (TDN)
• Air dry concentrates generally contain less than
  18 crude fiber and more than 60 TDN.
• Feeds that have more than 80 dry matter (DM) are
  air-dry, while higher than 80 they are called
  high moisture feeds.

3
International Feed Nomenclature

• Feed names follow the International Feed
  Vocabulary , the AAFCO have designated official
  names and definitions for many of the feeds used
  in the USA.
• Feed names are determined by using the following
  descriptors.
• Origin of feed both scientific and common.
• Part eaten by animal.

4
International Feed Nomenclature

• Process(es) and treatments(s) applied to the feed
  before eaten by animal.
• Stage of maturity when harvested.
• Cutting or crop.
• Grade or quality designations.
• Nutritive value of feed is dependent upon time
  harvested, table 7-2 illustrates this change.

5
International Feed Classes

• There are eight classes of feeds, based on
  composition and use.
• In borderline cases, feed is placed in a class
  according to its most common use in feeding
  practices.

6
International Feed Number

• Feeds are identified by a six digit number.
• The first number is the feed class number and the
  remaining five are the IFN.
• The IFN links the name with the chemical and
  biological data.
• The IFN is useful for computer formulation and
  diet formulation in this text.

7
Forms of Feed

• The three types of feed are dry, green and high
  moisture.
• Dry feeds are hay, grains oilseed, straw, stover,
  corn cobs, corn husks, soybean, hulls.
• Green feeds include pasture and green chop.
• High moisture feeds are high moisture grains,
  haylage, wet byproduct feeds, roots, tubers and
  silages.

8
Table 7-2

• Know preferred term, definition and comparable
  terms.
• These are all for plants that bloom.

9
Roughages

• The two types of roughages are grass and legume.
• Legumes have nodules on their roots that have
  bacteria whom fixate nitrogen.
• Legumes include, alfalfa, clovers, birdsfoot
  trefoil, bean and pea hay.
• Grass roughages include timothy, brome, orchard,
  reed canary, fescue, sudan, millet, oat

10
Concentrates

• The three kinds of concentrates include grains,
  supplements and byproduct feeds.
• Common grains are corn, oats, barley, sorghum
  (milo) and wheat.
• Supplements are protein feeds, minerals and
  vitamins.
• Supplements are either from an animal or
  vegetable origin.

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Concentrates

• Animal origin supplements include tankage, meat
  scraps, meat, bonemeal, fishmeal, dried skim
  milk.
• Vegetable origin protein supplements include
  soybean meal, soybeans, cottonseed meal, peanut
  oil meal corn gluten, safflower meal, sesame
  oil, sunflower meal, linseed meal.

12
Concentrates

• Urea is a non protein supplements, neither
  animal nor vegetable origin. Used primarily in
  feeding ruminants.
• Minerals are generally some combination of
  calcium and phosphorus with trace minerals added.
  
• Salt blocks may also have trace minerals added.

13
Concentrates

• Vitamin supplements are necessary to provide
  vitamins in a lacking ration.
• Byproduct feeds from the milling and brewing
  industries are also used in feeding.
• Byproduct feeds include wheat bran, rice bran,
  wheat middlings, rye middlings, molasses,
  brewers grain, beet pulp, screenings and malt
  sprouts.

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Table 7-3

• Know all 8 class numbers and class denominations
  and explanations for feed.
• Pay particular attention to number 1, dry
  forages, 2 pasture and range plants, fresh
  forages, 4 energy feeds and 5 protein supplements.

15
Reproduction

• Poor nutrition is a major contributing factor to
  reproductive failure in livestock.
• Production of sperm and quality of semen is
  determined by the quality of the ration.
• Males that are too fat may become temporarily or
  permanently sterile.
• Nutrient requirements for pregnant females are
  most critical during the last third of the
  gestation period, when the fetus grows the most.

16
Growth

• During the growth period, there is a substantial
  increase in the size f muscle, bones, internal
  organs and other body parts.
• Proper is growth is necessary for efficient
  producers when they mature.
• Full genetic potential cannot be reached if the
  animal is not fed a well balanced ration.
• Horse cannot perform to capacity if they are
  stunted or suffer from skeletonal injuries during
  growth.

17
Growth

• Young growing animals have a more rigorous
  nutritional requirement than do mature animals.
• Nutritional deficiencies are reflected more
  quickly and more seriously in young animals than
  in mature animals.
• Protein quality must be higher and Ca and P needs
  are greater.
• The younger the animal, the greater is its need
  for good quality protein because of the rapid
  growth of muscle at this time.

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Growth

• A shortage of total digestible nutrients or net
  energy during growth will result in slower growth
  or smaller size when animals mature.
• Mineral requirements are higher during growth
  because of the rapid bone growth.
• A shortage of protein, energy, vitamins or
  minerals will result in animals with poor health,
  developing sicknesses easier, performing at a
  lower level and not reproducing.

19
Maintenance

• A maintenance ration is one that maintains basic
  life processes without any work or production
  being done.
• A maintenance ration must supply
• Heat to maintain body temperature.
• Energy for vital functions an a minimum amount of
  movement
• Small amounts of protein, minerals and vitamins

20
Maintenance

• Oxidation of food in the digestive tract and of
  nutrients in the muscles produce heat.
• In easily digested feeds such as corn, about one
  third of the total energy available is converted
  into heat by the digestive process.
• A higher proportion of the total energy found in
  roughages is converted into heat by digestion.

21
Maintenance

• Maintenance rations for mature animals, except
  swine and poultry can be mostly roughages.
• Even more energy is needed for animals that move
  a lot more, for example to water and feed.
• A maintenance ration with little net energy is
  not sufficient for a maintenance ration.
• Generally simple stomached animals, swine and
  poultry, cannot derive enough energy from
  roughages.

22
Maintenance

• Horse can do great on a high energy roughage
  ration because they can utilize the roughage
  because of their cecum.
• A maintenance requirement is relative to its
  amount of body surface, as well as its weight. An
  animal weighing 1200 pounds does not require
  twice as much TDN as 2 animals each weighing 600
  each.
• This is because the major heat loss is
  fromradiation and conduction from the body
  surface and the 1,200 animald does not have
  twice as much body surface ans the 2 600 animals.

23
Maintenance

• However, the heavier animal will require more
  energy for standing and moving than the smaller
  animals, thus weight is a factor for determining
  the maintenance requirements.
• Protein is required because there is some
  breakdown of protein in the body tissues each day.

24
Maintenance

• There is a daily loss of Ca and P so a small
  amount of these are also needed.
• NaCl, vitamins A and D are also needed in
  maintenance rations.
• It is easier to maintain your animals if you do
  not let them turn to far down, it will cost you
  money in feed and supplements to raise their
  health back up to a productive level.

25
Finishing for Market and Show

• Beef, swine, lambs and broilers that are fed for
  meat need nutrients above the maintenance
  requirements for fattening.
• Juiciness, flavor, digestibility and nutritive
  value of meat is improved by marbling, the stored
  fat in the lean meat tissues of the animal.

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Finishing for Market and Show

• Nutrients for fattening animals come from
  carbohydrates and lipids in the rations.
• Protein not needed for repair for body tissues
  and other needs of the animals may also be
  converted into body fat.
• Most animals are finished for market while they
  are still growing and young.

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Finishing for Market and Show

• Rapid gains in fattening livestock depend on a
  ready supply of TDN or energy, protein, minerals
  and vitamins in the ration.
• Feed efficiency is higher when the ration is
  properly balanced for fattening livestock.
• Animals being fitted for show purposes are fed a
  liberal supply of carbohydrates and fats, usually
  through the addition of more grain.

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Finishing for Market and Show

• Mature animals being fitted for show need little
  additional protein, minerals and vitamins above
  the maintenance requirements.
• However, young, growing animals must be fed more
  liberal amounts to reach the desired level of
  finish for show.

29
Production

• All milk cows have a high need for TDN, when
  expecting a milk cow to produce more milk they
  will require more protein, energy, vitamins and
  minerals.
• Ewes producing lambs wool and mohair will also
  require a ration higher in protein, energy,
  vitamins and minerals.

30
Work

• Production of work is mainly limited to horses.
• Riding and racing require additional nutrients
  for optimum performance.
• As the amount of work increase, so does the TDN
  or energy requirements.
• Protein, mineral and vitamin requirements of
  mature working horses are only a little greater
  than maintenance rations.

31
Work

• Animals require additional nutrients (especially
  energy) in relation to the kind of terrain they
  are on and whether they are in confinement.
• Animals on pasture, the distance to feed and
  water, animals on level land will not expend as
  much energy as those on a rough terrain.

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Underutilized sources of feed

• There are many food stuffs listed as
  underutilized, however many are expensive and can
  be hard to obtain.
• Industrial food processing wastes, nonfood
  Industrial wastes, forest residues, animal
  wastes, crop residues and aquatic plants.
• Out of all of these the most practical (from an
  economical standpoint and useable view) are
  forest residues, crop residues and aquatic plants.

33
Underutilized feedstuffs

• Grains roughages, to this day remain the best
  feedstuffs for growth, reproduction and
  maintenance of animals.
• Crop residues are one of the most widely used
  sources of maintenance rations used today,
  however, they will need to be supplemented with
  protein, vitamins and minerals.