The American Journey

1
Section 1-5
Technology and Industry

• Industrialization changed the way Americans
  worked, traveled, and communicated. ?

• In the North, manufacturers made products by
  dividing tasks among workers. ?
• They built factories to bring specialized workers
  together. ?
• Products could be made more quickly. ?
• The factory workers used machinery todo some of
  the work faster and more efficiently.

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2
Section 1-6
Technology and Industry (cont.)

• Mass production of cotton textiles beganin New
  England after Elias Howe invented the sewing
  machine in 1846. ?

• By 1860 factories in the Northeast produced at
  least two-thirds of the countrys manufactured
  goods.

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3
Section 1-7
Technology and Industry (cont.)

• Advances in transportation sparked the success of
  many new industries. ?

• Robert Fultons steamboat, developed in 1807,
  enabled goods and passengers to move along the
  inland waterways more cheaply and quickly. ?
• Thousands of miles of roads and canals were built
  between 1800 and 1850, connecting many lakes and
  rivers. ?
• Canal builders widened and deepened the canals in
  the 1840s so steamboats could pass through. ?
• Steamboats created the growth of cities suchas
  Chicago, Cincinnati, and Buffalo.

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4
Section 1-8
Technology and Industry (cont.)

• Clipper, or sailing, ships were built in the
  1840s to go faster, almost as fast as steamships.
  They could travel an averageof 300 miles per
  day. ?

• Railroad growth in the 1840s and 1850s connected
  places that were far apart. ?
• Early railroads connected mines with nearby
  rivers. ?
• Horses, not locomotives, powered the early
  railroads. ?

• The first steam-powered passenger locomotive, the
  Rocket, began operating in Britain in 1829. ?
• Peter Cooper designed and built the first
  American steam locomotive, Tom Thumb, in 1830.

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5
Section 1-9
Technology and Industry (cont.)

• A railway network in 1860 of nearly 31,000 miles
  of track linked cities in the North and Midwest. ?

• Railway builders tied the eastern lines to lines
  built farther west so that by 1860, a network
  united the East and the Midwest. ?
• Railways transformed trade and settlement in the
  nations interior. ?
• With the Erie Canal and railway network between
  the East and West, grain, livestock, and dairy
  products moved directly from the Midwest to the
  East.

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6
Section 1-10
Technology and Industry (cont.)

• Prices were lower because goods traveled faster
  and more cheaply. ?

• People settled into Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois,
  and as the population of the states grew, new
  towns and industry developed in the Midwest.

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7
Section 1-11
Technology and Industry (cont.)

• People needed to communicate fasterto keep up
  with the industrial growth and faster travel
  methods. ?

• Samuel Morse developed the telegraph in 1844. ?
• It used electric signals to send messages along
  wires. ?
• To transmit messages, Morse developed the Morse
  code, using a series of dots and dashes to
  represent the letters of the alphabet.

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8
Section 1-12
Technology and Industry (cont.)

• By 1852 the United States was operating about
  23,000 miles of telegraph lines.

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9
Section 1-14
Agriculture

• Farmers were able to sell their productsin new
  markets as a result of the railroads and canals.
  ?

• New inventions changed farming methods and also
  encouraged settlers to develop larger areas in
  the West thought to be too difficult to farm. ?

• John Deere invented the steel-tipped plow in
  1837. ?
• Its steel-tipped blade cut through hard soil more
  easily than previous plows, which used wood
  blades.

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10
Section 1-15
Agriculture (cont.)

• The mechanical reaper sped up harvesting wheat. ?

• Cyrus McCormick designed and constructed it and
  made a fortune manufacturing and selling it. ?
• The mechanical reaper harvested grain much faster
  than a hand-operated sickle. ?
• Farmers began planting more wheat because they
  could harvest it faster. ?
• Growing wheat became profitable. ?
• The thresher separated the grain from the stalk.

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11
Section 1-16
Agriculture (cont.)

• Midwestern farmers grew large quantities of wheat
  and shipped it east. ?

• Farmers in the Northeast and Middle Atlantic
  states increased production of fruits and
  vegetables because they grew well in Eastern soil.

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12
Section 1-17
Agriculture (cont.)

• Agriculture was not a mainstay of the North. ?

• Farming the rocky soil was difficult. ?
• Instead, the North continued to grow
  industrially. ?
• More and more people worked in factories, and the
  problems connected with factory labor also grew.

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13
Section 2-5
Northern Factories

• Factories produced items such as shoes, watches,
  guns, sewing machines, and agricultural machinery
  in addition to textiles and clothing. ?

• Working conditions worsened as factories grew. ?
• Employees worked an average 11.4-hour days, often
  under dangerous and unpleasant conditions. ?
• No laws existed to regulate working conditions or
  to protect workers.

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Section 2-6
Northern Factories (cont.)

• By the 1830s workers began to organizeto improve
  working conditions. ?

• Trade unions, or organizations of workers with
  the same trade or skill, developed. ?
• Unskilled workers also organized dueto poor
  working conditions.

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15
Section 2-7
Northern Factories (cont.)

• Skilled workers in New York City wenton strike
  or refused to work in the mid-1830s. ?

• They hoped for higher wages and a 10-hour day. ?
• They formed the General Trades Unionof New York.

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16
Section 2-8
Northern Factories (cont.)

• Striking was illegal and workers could be
  punished by law or fired from their jobs. ?

• A Massachusetts court ruled in favor of workers
  right to strike in 1842, but this was just the
  beginning of workers receiving legal rights.

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17
Section 2-9
Northern Factories (cont.)

• Although the North did not have slavery in the
  1830s, it did have racial prejudice and
  discrimination. ?

• In 1820, although New York stopped requiring
  white men to own property in order to vote, few
  African Americans could vote. ?
• In fact, Rhode Island and Pennsylvania passed
  laws prohibiting free African Americans from
  voting.

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Section 2-10
Northern Factories (cont.)

• Free African Americans were not allowed to attend
  public schools and were barred from public
  facilities. ?

• They were forced into segregated schoolsand
  hospitals in most communities. ?
• A few African Americans were successfulin
  business. ?
• Most, though, were extremely poor.

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19
Section 2-11
Northern Factories (cont.)

• Women were discriminated against in the mills and
  factories even though they played a major role in
  the development of industry. ?

• They worked for less pay, were excluded from
  unions, and were kept out of the workplace to
  make more jobs for men. ?

• The Lowell Female Labor Reform Organization in
  Massachusetts petitioned the state legislature
  for a 10-hour workday in 1845. ?
• The legislature did not even consider the
  petition signed only by women.

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20
Section 2-12
Northern Factories (cont.)

• Most early efforts in the workplace failedbut
  did set the stage for later womens movements.

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21
Section 2-14
The Rise of Cities

• People moved to the cities to fill the factory
  jobs. ?

• In 1860 the population of New York City, the
  nations largest city, passed 800,000. ?
• Philadelphia had more than 500,000 people. ?
• City life was often difficult and dangerous due
  to overcrowding, run-down buildings, and the
  threat of disease and fire.

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22
Section 2-15
The Rise of Cities (cont.)

• Immigration to the United States greatly
  increased between 1840 and 1860. ?

• Many of these people were willing to work for low
  pay and long hours. ?

• The largest group came from Ireland, more than
  1.5 million, settling mainly in the Northeast. ?
• A potato famine, or an extreme shortage, caused
  by a potato disease destroyed Irelands crops,
  and starvation followed. ?
• Potatoes were the staple food of the Irish diet.

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Section 2-16
The Rise of Cities (cont.)

• The men from Ireland worked in factories or did
  manual labor such as working on the railroads and
  digging ditches. ?

• Women became servants and factory workers. ?
• The second-largest group of immigrants came from
  Germany. They settled in New York, Pennsylvania,
  the Midwest, and the western territories. ?
• Some came for new opportunity, and others came as
  a result of the failure of the democratic
  revolution in 1848. ?
• More than one million came, many in family
  groups. Many had money, so they prospered,
  founding their own communities and organizations
  and buying farms or setting up businesses.

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Section 2-17
The Rise of Cities (cont.)

• Immigration changed the character of the country.
  ?

• People brought their language, customs, religion,
  and ways of life. ?
• Most of the Irish immigrants and about one-half
  of German immigrants were Roman Catholics. ?
• They settled in northeastern cities. ?
• The church gave them a source of spiritual
  guidance and also provideda center for community
  life.

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Section 2-18
The Rise of Cities (cont.)

• The immigrants faced prejudice. ?

• Anti-immigrant feelings arose. ?
• People opposed to immigration, called nativists,
  felt that immigration threatened the future of
  native born citizens. ?
• Some nativists thought that immigrants took jobs
  away from real Americans. ?
• Others thought they brought crime and disease.

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Section 2-19
The Rise of Cities (cont.)

• The American Party was a group of nativists who
  joined together to forma new political party in
  the 1850s. ?

• They formed secret anti-Catholic societies. ?
• The party became known as the Know-Nothing Party,
  because they answered questions by saying, I
  know nothing.

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Section 2-20
The Rise of Cities (cont.)

• The Know-Nothing Party wanted stricter
  citizenship laws and wanted to ban foreign-born
  citizens from holding office. ?

• In the mid-1850s, the movement split over
  slavery. ?
• A Northern branch and a Southern branch formed. ?
  
• Slavery also divided the Northern and Southern
  states.

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28
Section 3-5
Rise of the Cotton Kingdom

• The economy of the South thrived by 1850 because
  of cotton. ?

• It became the leading cash crop. ?
• Tobacco and rice had been profitable in colonial
  times, but tobacco depended on foreign markets
  and the price fluctuated. ?
• Rice could not be grown in the dry inland areas.
  ?
• In the Deep SouthGeorgia, South Carolina,
  Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and
  Texascotton helped the economy prosper, and
  slavery grew stronger.

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Section 3-6
Rise of the Cotton Kingdom (cont.)

• Eli Whitneys cotton gin revolutionized cotton
  production. ?

• The machine removed seeds from cotton fibers. ?
• A worker could clean only 1 pound ofcotton a day
  by hand, but with the machine, a worker could
  clean 50 pounds. ?
• The cotton gin led to the need for more workers.
  ?
• Southern planters relied on enslaved laborers to
  plant and pick the cotton.

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Section 3-7
Rise of the Cotton Kingdom (cont.)

• The British textile industry created a huge
  demand for cotton and kept the price high. ?

• The Deep South was committed to cotton, with some
  areas also growing rice and sugarcane. ?
• The Upper SouthMaryland, Virginia, and North
  Carolinawas also agricultural and produced
  tobacco, hemp, wheat, and vegetables.

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Section 3-8
Rise of the Cotton Kingdom (cont.)

• The value of enslaved people increased due to the
  reliance on them for producing cotton and sugar.
  ?

• The Upper South became a center for the sale and
  transport of enslaved people in the region.

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Section 3-10
Industry in the South

• The South remained rural and agricultural. ?

• The entire South produced fewer manufactured
  goods than the stateof Pennsylvania in the 1860s.

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Section 3-11
Industry in the South (cont.)

• Several barriers to industry developed in the
  South ?

• Because cotton was so profitable, farming was
  important, not new business. ?
• Because capital, or money to invest in business,
  was lacking, new industry didnot develop. ?
• People saw no reason to sell their land or
  enslaved workers to raise money for industry, and
  they believed their economy would continue to
  prosper.

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Section 3-12
Industry in the South (cont.)

• Because the market for manufactured goodsin the
  South was smaller than in the North, this also
  discouraged industrial development.

• Some Southerners did not want industry.

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Section 3-13
Industry in the South (cont.)

• Some Southern leaders wanted to develop industry
  so that the South would not be dependent on the
  North for manufactured goods. ?

• They also wanted the South to develop their
  economy. ?
• These leaders were the exception, though, not the
  rule. ?

• William Gregg opened a textile factory inSouth
  Carolina in 1844. ?
• In Richmond, Virginia, Joseph Reid Anderson took
  over the Tredegar Iron Works in the 1840s and
  made it a leading producer of iron in the nation.

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36
Section 3-14
Industry in the South (cont.)

• Goods were transported via natural waterways. ?

• Most towns were along rivers or on the coast. ?
• Roads were poor and there were few canals. ?
• Railroad lines were mostly local and did not
  connect parts of a region. ?
• By 1860 only about one-third of the rail lines
  were in the South.

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37
Section 4-5
Small Farms

• Most Southerners were small farmers without
  enslaved people or were planters with a few
  enslaved laborers. ?

• Only a very few planters could afford the large
  plantations and numerous enslaved people to work
  it. ?
• Southerners were of four types yeomen, tenant
  farmers, rural poor, and plantation owners.

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Section 4-6
Small Farms (cont.)

• Yeomen were farmers without enslaved people. ?

• They made up the largest group of whites in the
  South. ?
• Most owned land and lived in the Upper South and
  hilly rural areas of the Deep South. ?
• Their farms were from 50 to 200 acres. ?
• They grew crops for themselves and to sell or
  trade.

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Section 4-7
Small Farms (cont.)

• Tenant farmers rented land, or worked on
  landlords estates. ?

• The rural poor lived in crude cabins in wooded
  areas, planted corn, and fished and hunted for
  food. ?
• They were self-sufficient and refused any work
  that resembled enslaved labor.

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40
Section 4-9
Plantations

• Plantation owners wanted to earn profits, and
  they did this by selling cotton. ?

• Plantations had fixed costs, such as feeding and
  housing workers and maintaining equipment. ?
• These did not vary greatly. ?
• However, owners could not know how much their
  cotton would bring in because prices varied from
  season to season and market to market.

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41
Section 4-10
Plantations (cont.)

• Planters sold their cotton to agents from cotton
  exchanges in large cities such as Charleston, New
  Orleans, Mobile, and Savannah. ?

• The agents held the cotton until the price rose
  and then sold it. ?
• Planters did not get any money until the agents
  sold the cotton, so they were always in debt. ?
• The agents did extend credit, or a loan, to the
  planters for the time that they held the cotton.

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42
Section 4-11
Plantations (cont.)

• Most plantations wealth was measured by
  possessions, including enslaved people. ?

• Only about 4 percent of the Souths farms and
  plantations held 20 or more enslaved people by
  1860. ?
• A large majority of the planters held fewer than
  10 enslaved workers.

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43
Section 4-12
Plantations (cont.)

• Plantation wives were responsible for the
  enslaved people and supervising the plantation
  buildings and other gardens. ?

• They also kept the financial records. ?
• Life was lonely, especially when planters
  traveled to make new deals with agents.

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Section 4-13
Plantations (cont.)

• Plantation work involved many chores. ?

• Some enslaved African Americans worked in the
  house, cleaning, cooking, sewing, and doing
  laundry. ?
• Other enslaved African Americans were skilled
  workers, trained as carpenters, blacksmiths,
  shoemakers, or weavers. ?
• Some worked in the pastures, but most were field
  hands, supervised by an overseer, working from
  sunrise to sunset.

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Section 4-16
Life Under Slavery

• Life was full of hardships and misery. ?

• Enslaved African Americans worked long hours,
  earned no money, and had little hope of freedom.
  ?
• Many were separated from their families when sold
  to different plantation owners. ?

• They had the bare necessities in their slave
  cabins. ?
• Each cabin was shared by dozens of people living
  together in a single room.

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Section 4-17
Life Under Slavery (cont.)

• Family life was uncertain. ?

• Law did not recognize marriages, but many
  enslaved African Americans did marry. ?
• Families were separated when wives or children
  were sold. ?
• The extended family provided some stability and
  was an important aspect of the culture.

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Section 4-18
Life Under Slavery (cont.)

• Although enduring many difficulties, they kept
  their African culture alive and mixedit with
  American ways. ?

• Even though slavery was legal in the South, the
  slave trade was outlawed in 1808. ?
• As no new enslaved Africans entered the United
  States, almost all the enslaved people by 1860
  were born here.

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Section 4-19
Life Under Slavery (cont.)

• Many enslaved people accepted Christianity, and
  it became a religionof hope for them. ?

• The spiritual, or African American religious folk
  song, provided a way to secretly communicate with
  one another.

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Section 4-20
Life Under Slavery (cont.)

• Slave codes made life more difficult. ?

• These were laws that controlled the enslaved
  people, such as prohibiting them from gathering
  in large groups, leaving their masters property
  without a pass, and making it a crime to teach
  them how to read or write.

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Section 4-21
Life Under Slavery (cont.)

• Resistance to slavery took the form of working
  slowly, pretending to be sick, or sometimes
  setting fire or breaking tools. ?

• Armed rebellions were rare. ?
• Nat Turner, who taught himself to readand write,
  led a group on a short violent rampage in
  Southampton County, Virginia, in 1831. ?
• They killed at least 55 whites before being
  captured. Turner was hanged. ?
• More severe slave codes were passedas a result.

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Section 4-22
Life Under Slavery (cont.)

• Some enslaved people escaped slavery. ?

• Most who were successful escaped via the
  Underground Railroad, which was a network of safe
  places to stop along the long journey to the
  North in safe houses owned by whites and free
  African Americans. ?
• Most runaways were captured and punished.

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Section 4-23
Life Under Slavery (cont.)

• Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass, both born
  into slavery, fled north. ?

• They became African American heroes for their
  efforts to help free more enslaved people.

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Section 4-25
Life in the Cities

• By 1860 several large cities existed, such as
  Baltimore and New Orleans. ?

• Others were on the rise such as Charleston,
  Richmond, and Memphis. ?
• Baltimores population was 212,000. ?
• New Orleans had 168,000 people. ?
• Population included whites, some enslaved people,
  and free African Americans.

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Section 4-26
Life in the Cities (cont.)

• Free African Americans became barbers,
  carpenters, and traders. ?

• They founded churches and institutions. ?
• In New Orleans they formed an opera company. ?
• Not all prospered though, and many were not given
  an equal share in economic and political life.

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Section 4-27
Life in the Cities (cont.)

• Between 1830 and 1860, Southern states passed
  laws that limited the rights of free African
  Americans. ?

• Most states would not allow them to migrate from
  other states. ?
• In 1859 in Arkansas, they were orderedto leave
  the state.

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