If we do not design ways to live within the means of one planet, sustainability will remain elusive.

1
Integrated Approaches to Sustainable Development
Practice Energy, Technology Engineering
If we do not design ways to live within the means
of one planet, sustainability will remain elusive.
Source http//www.footprintnetwork.org/
2
Sustainable Development Goals
MDG 1 Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger MDG
2 Achieve Universal Primary Education MDG 3
Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women MDG 4
Reduce Child Mortality MDG 5 Improve Maternal
Health MDG 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other
Diseases MDG 7 Ensure Environmental
Sustainability MDG 8 Develop a Global
Partnership for Development
Energy, Technology Engineering should make it
possible
Source http//www.un.org/millenniumgoals/
3
UNDP defined Human Development Index (HDI)
4
Ecological Footprint (EF)

• EF measures how much land and water area
• a human population requires to produce the
• resource it consumes and to absorb its wastes,
• using prevailing technology.
• EF does not include an economic indicator.

Sustainable global EF per capita Total
Biocapacity per capita 13.4/6.8
2 gha
Source http//www.footprintnetwork.org
5
HDI gt 0.8
High HDI (gt0.8) is accompanied by unsustainable
levels of Ecological Footprint.
EF lt 2 gha per capita
Source http//www.footprintnetwork.org and
http//hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/data/hdi2008
6
poor
Sri Lanka to USA
medium
OK
good
Source http//www.footprintnetwork.org and
http//hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/data/hdi2008
7
How can we all live well and live within the
means of one planet? The challenge ahead of us
(technologists, may be) is to assist development
to attain HDI gt 0.8 while maintaining a healthy
Ecological Footprint per capita
8
Energy Options Fossil fuels (coal, oil and
natural gas) Hydropower Nuclear energy Solar
energy Wind energy Geothermal energy Ocean (wave,
tidal and ocean thermal) energy Biomass
energy Biofuels (bioethanol or biodiesel)
energy Hydrogen (fuel-cell) economy
9
Wind Energy
3 MW pilot wind power project at Hambantota
5 turbines 600 kW power produced per turbine
Total cost was Rs. 280 million in 2000s
10
Wind Energy
Small-scale Wind power in Nikeweritiya
- produces 250 W at 8 m/s wind speed - cost was
Rs. 60,000/ - lifetime is 20 years - 12 m tall
- powers compact fluorescent light bulbs, a
radio, and/or a television. - at peak wind times
there is excess power that can be used to charge
batteries.
11
Solar Energy Photovoltaic Cells
Photovoltaic Power for Rural Homes In Sri Lanka
12
Solar Energy - Thermal
Wind and sunlight are used for drying instead of
fuel or electricity.
The 'right to dry' is specifically protected by
the Florida legislation and similar solar rights
legislation has been passed in Utah and Hawaii.
13
Primary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005 (in
percentage)
How would development affect the percentages?
Petroleum 43.3
Hydro 8.6
Biomass 48
Non-conventional lt0.1
Source http//www.energy.gov.lk/
14
Primary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005 (in
percentage)
How would coal power affect the percentages?
Petroleum 43.3
Renewable Energy (Biomass, Hydro, Wind Solar)
56.7
Source http//www.energy.gov.lk/
15
Primary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka (in million
toe)
Petroleum
Biomass
Hydro
Source http//www.energy.gov.lk/
16
Carbon dioxide emissions, Global warming and
Climate change
Global CO2 emissions from the burning of fossil
fuels the manufacture of cement (in 109 kg CO2)
Source http//cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/glo.html
17
Carbon dioxide emissions, Global warming and
Climate change
CO2 concentration in the atmosphere (in ppmv)
Source http//cdiac.ornl.gov/ftp/trends/co2/siple
2.013 and http//cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/co2/sio-ml
o.html
18
Peak Oil Oil supply peak has been reached in
many oil fields, such as Cantarell oil field
(largest) in Mexico
Fossil Fuel Type Reservesto-production (R/P) ratio gives the number of years the remaining reserves (most optimistic estimates) would last if production were to continue at the 2007 level
Oil 41.6 years
Natural Gas 60.3 years
Coal 133 years
Source BP Statistical Review of World Energy
June 2008
19
Law of Nature When heat is converted into work
in a machine, part of the heat energy must be
wasted
20
Solar Energy Photovoltaic Cells
7W CFL, 12V Electronics, 10Wp Panel 7Ah MF
Battery Backup 3 to 4 hoursSolar Panel
Warrantee 10 yearsLantern Warrantee 1 year
Solar lantern About Rs 2500/
21
Solar Energy Photovoltaic Cells
Inorganic Solar Cells
2nd Generation Thin-film
Bulk
Processing silica (SiO2) to produce silicon is a
very high energy process, and it takes over two
years for a conventional solar cell to generate
as much energy as was used to make the silicon it
contains. Silicon is produced by reacting
carbon (charcoal) and silica at a temperature
around 1700 deg C. And, 1.5 tonnes of CO2 is
emitted for each tonne of silicon (about 98
pure) produced.
Silicon
3rd Generation Materials
Germanium
Silicon
CIS
Amorphous Silicon
CIGS
Mono-crystalline
CdTe
Poly-crystalline
Nonocrystalline Silicon
GaAs
Ribbon
Light absorbing dyes
22
IAEA2000
23
IAEA2000
24
Secondary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005 (in
percentage)
How dependent is development on electricity?
Petroleum 33.8
Electricity 9.7
Biomass 56.5
Source http//www.energy.gov.lk/
25
HDI gt 0.8
High per capita electricity consumption is
required to reach super high HDI (gt0.9).
Sources http//hdrstats.undp.org/buildtables/rc_r
eport.cfm
26
HDI gt 0.8
Unsustainable amount of per capita CO2 emissions
are required to reach super high HDI (gt 0.9)
Sustainable limit
Sources http//hdrstats.undp.org/buildtables/rc_r
eport.cfm
27
Secondary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005 (in
percentage)
Could we reduce the energy consumption in any
sector?
Industry 26.3
Transport 25.4
Household, Commercial and Others 48.1
Agriculture lt0.1
Source http//www.energy.gov.lk/
28
Gigatonnes CO2-equivalent GHGs emissions per year
LDV means Light Duty Vehicles
Global transport greenhouse gas emissions by
transport type (WBCSD, 2004)
29
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) in Curitiba (in Brazil)
which pioneered BRT technology in the 1970s

• - BRT system is different from conventional bus
  service.
• - BRT run in dedicated lanes.
• BRT have signal priority so they spend less time
  stopped at red lights.
• Space for the busway is often re-allocated from
  existing traffic or parking lanes.

30
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) in Curitiba (in Brazil)
which pioneered BRT technology in the 1970s
BRT board passengers through all doors after
paying fares at station platforms.
BRT buses move quickly through the city
transporting 2 million people daily, which is 70
of the cities population. GDP per capita of
Curitiba increased from 10 to 65 above the
national average during 1980 to 1996.
31
Paris created an individualized mass transit
system called Vélib (Freedom Bikes). 
120 million
32
William Kamkwamba of Malawi
http//williamkamkwamba.typepad.com
33
Biomimicry (or Bionics)
Eastgate centre (shopping centre and office
block) at central Harare, Zimbabwe is modelled on
local termite mounds and is ventilated and cooled
entirely by natural means.
34
Biomimicry (or Bionics)
Super-grip gecko tape modelled after geckos feet
35
Biomimicry (or Bionics)
Fiber that can stop bullets is made from
petroleum-derived molecules at high-pressure and
high temperature with concentrated sulfuric acid.
The energy input is extreme and the toxic
byproducts are horrible.
Spider makes equally strong and much tougher
fiber at body temperature, without high
pressures, heat, or corrosive acids. If we could
act like the spider, we could take a soluble,
renewable raw material and make a super-strong
water-insoluble fiber with negligible energy
inputs and no toxic outputs. Janine Benyus, 1997
36
Biomimicry (or Bionics)
We flew like a bird for the first time in 1903,
and by 1914, we were dropping bombs from the sky.
Perhaps in the end, it will not be a change in
technology that will bring us to the biomimetic
future, but a change of heart, a humbling that
allows us to be attentive to nature's lessons. -
Janine Benyus, 1997
37
Power required to drive an electric car Heat
energy in coal (or oil) to Generation of steam
to Mechanical power of the turbine to
Generation of AC electricity to Transmission of
AC electricity to DC electricity in battery to
Mechanical power needed to drive the car Power
required to drive a IC engine car Heat energy
in oil to Mechanical power needed to drive the
car Which one would be more efficient when
considering the heat energy of fuel needed to
provide 1 unit of power to drive the car?
38
But to answer your question Shanthini... I
believe Electric Vehicles would be more efficient
in the long run and definitely environmentally
friendly, if the technology is explored and
further researched.
39
A way of life
Gliricidia Sepium
40
Additional Material
41
Comparing Sri Lanka with USA
Sri Lanka USA
HDI2005 0.743 0.951
EF2005 per capita 1 gha 9.4 gha
CO2 emissions per capita in 2004 0.16 tonnes of C 5.62 tonnes of C
Electricity consumption per capita in 2004 420 kW-hr 14,240 kW-hr
GDP per capita in 2006 3,896 PPP US 43,968 PPP US
42
For Sri Lanka
Source http//www.footprintnetwork.org
43
For USA
Source http//www.footprintnetwork.org
44
Renewable energy are flows of energy that are
regenerative or virtually inexhaustible. - Dr.
Raymond Wright
Sustainable energy is energy which is
replenishable within a human lifetime and causes
no long-term damages to the environment.
Source http//www.jsdnp.org.jm/glossary.html
45
Hydroelectric power

• What are the problems with hydroelectric power?
• barriers in the natural flow of a river prevents
  fish from migration, alters ecosystems, and
  threatens the livelihoods of local communities
• the world's 52,000 largest dams release 104
  million metric tons of methane (a greenhouse gas)
  annually
• hydropower is not renewable, because reservoirs
  fill up with sediment and cost billions to dredge
  
• failure of a dam will have catastrophic
  consequences
• loss of land as well as flooding of areas such
  as natural habitats and existing settlements
• The future generations must pay for destroying
  dams

• Is it a sustainable form of energy?

46
Hydroelectric power
The Elwha Dam, a 33 m high dam on the Olympic
Peninsula in Washington state, is one of two huge
dams built in the early 1900s and set to be
removed in 2012.
Removal of dam will restore the fish habitats,
will create an additional 715 acres of
terrestrial vegetation, and improve elk habitats.
estimated cost 308 million 15
47
Sources Indicator Tables HDI 2008
http//hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/data/hdi2008/
48
HDI gt 0.8 gives high HD
Is there a cost for keep on increasing GDP per
capita which gives only a marginal increase in
HDI?
Sources Indicator Tables HDI 2008
http//hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/data/hdi2008/
49
Primary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005 (in
kilotonne oil equivalent)
Petroleum 4,172.25
Biomass 4,626.13
Hydro 828.18
Non-conventional 3.91
Source http//www.energy.gov.lk/