Ecology Review Chapter 3

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Ecology Review Chapter 3
Food Chain!
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Ecology

• Study of the interactions that take place between
  organisms and organisms and their environment.

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Biotic

• Living parts of the environment plants, animals
  microorganisms

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Abiotic

• Non-living parts of the environment water, air,
  light, rocks, temperature, soil

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Levels of Organization in Ecology

• A species includes only one type of organism.
• Example pigeon
• A population includes all members of one species
  that live in the same area.
• Example all the pigeons in Houston
• A community includes all of the different species
  that live in the same area.
• Example all the pigeons, ants, oak trees, dogs,
  etc. that live in Houston

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Levels, continued

• An ecosystem includes both the community and the
  abiotic factors.
• Example the Houston community plus the cars,
  buildings, rocks, air
• A biome is a large area of land or water that has
  the same climate, land characteristics, flora and
  fauna.
• -- Example desert, tundra, taiga, savannah
• The biosphere is all the parts of the Earth that
  can support life the air, the water and the
  land.

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Produce or Consume

• 1. Producer (autotroph)
• can make its own food
• forms the base of the food web

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Mmmmmdelicious

• 2. Consumer (heterotroph)
• cannot make its own food
• There are several words that describe consumers
• Prey the hunted
• Predator the hunter
• Herbivore eats plants
• Carnivore eats animals
• Omnivore eats both plants and animals

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Adaptations of consumers Carnivore - meat-eating
animal with sharp canine teeth specialized to rip
and tear flesh Herbivore - plant-eating animal
with incisors specialized to cut vegetation and
large, flat molars to grind it Omnivore - plant-
and meat-eating animal with incisors specialized
to cut vegetables, premolars to chew meat, and
molars to grind food
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Ewwww, gross

• 3. Decomposer
• Breaks down dead organisms
• Examples bacteria, fungi, worms
• Complete the circle of life by returning
  nutrients to the soil

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• Food chain - chain of organisms along which
  energy, in the form of food, passes. An organism
  feeds on the link before it and is in turn prey
  for the link after it. Arrows show the direction
  of energy flow.
• Food web - Complex network of many interconnected
  food chains and feeding relationships

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Food Chain
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Food Web
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Energy Pyramids show that there is more energy
available in the producers of an ecosystem than
the consumers. The least amount of energy is
available in the bodies of the animals at the top
of the food chain. Most of the energy is used by
the organisms and lost as heat.
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___________ carry out many of the important
steps of the nitrogen cycle.A. BacteriaB.
FixationsC. NitrificationsD. Atmospheres
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Answer A
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Plants Aphids Spiders Sparrows

• In this food chain, the spiders are----
• Producers
• Primary consumers
• Competitors
• Secondary consumers

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Answer D
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• In the food web above, which are primary
  consumers?
• Tree and grass
• Deer, grasshopper, and rabbit
• Owl, fox, and wolf
• Bird and snake

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Answer B
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• In the food web above, which are secondary
  consumers?
• Tree and grass
• Deer, grasshopper, and rabbit
• Owl, fox, and wolf
• Bird and snake

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Answer D
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• According to the biomass pyramid below, what is
  the mass of the autotrophs?
• 6g
• 70g
• 275g
• 450g

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Answer D
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Which of these pictures best represents
commensalism?
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Answer D
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___________ carry out many of the important
steps of the nitrogen cycle.A. BacteriaB.
FixationsC. NitrificationsD. Atmospheres
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Answer A
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• The process in which a plant makes food from
  water and carbon dioxide, using energy from the
  sun is known as_______________.
• Respiration
• Absorption
• Reproduction
• Photosynthesis

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Answer D
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Which of the following is most likely to cause
increases in a predator population?A. fewer
preyB. A reduction in competitionC. More
parasitesD. A period of drought
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Answer B
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Plants Aphids Spiders Sparrows

• In this food chain, the aphids are----
• Producers
• Primary consumers
• Competitors
• Secondary consumers

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Answer B
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In Central America there is a tree called
bullhorn acacia (Acacia cornigera) that provides
both food and shelter to a certain species of ant
(pseudomyrmex ferruginea). The ants live within
the tree without causing harm. In fact the ants
protect the tree by vigorously attacking and
stinging other animals that try to eat it.

• This relationship is an example of---
• Predation
• Parasitism
• Mutualism
• commensalism

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Answer C
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• The carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and water cycle
  are all part of
• The rock cycle
• The energy pyramid
• The nutrient cycle
• autotrophs

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Answer C
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• Termites have protozoa living inside their
  digestive system. The protozoa digest the wood
  that the termites consume. How would you
  characterize the relationship between the termite
  and the protozoa?
• Parasitic
• Commensal
• Mutual
• protocooperative

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Answer C
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• How could the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere be
  decreased?
• Increase the number of plants
• Decrease the number of plants
• Burn more fossil fuels
• Increase the number of animals

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Answer A