90% OF TOTAL BODY SEROTONIN IS FOUND IN GUT.

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SEROTONIN
90 OF TOTAL BODY SEROTONIN IS FOUND IN GUT.
8 OF TOTAL FOUND IN PLATELETS 1-2 OF TOTAL
FOUND IN PINEAL GLAND (WHICH IS NOT REALLY PART
OF CNS) lt 1 LIVES IN THE RAPHE NUCLEI IN
RETICULAR REGION OF BRAIN STEM. RAPHE
INNERVATES SPINAL CORD AND ASCENDS INTO THE
CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
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From Raphe
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RAPHE NEURONS HAVE REGULAR SLOW SPONTANEOUS
FIRING RATE (0.5 TO 2.5 SPIKES/SEC) FUNCTION
NO INFORMATION TRANSFER, ONLY MODULATION OF OTHER
SYSTEMS. 5HT APPLIED TO RAPHE NEURONS DECREASES
FIRING.  SPONTANEOUS ACTIVITY IS ELIMINATED
DURING REM SLEEP.
Active Quiet SWS REM
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Serotonin Production Tryptophan is a
precursor from diet. Uptake depends upon level
of other amino acids in blood/diet. High
carbohydrate diet enhances tryptophan
uptake. Low intake of tryptophan leads to low
levels of serotonin in CNS this can produce
irritability, aggressive behaviors and
depression 1 of ingested tryptophan
is converted to serotonin in the brain. Uptake
into CNS is via active, high-affinity
transport. Metabolism converted to 5HTP by
tryptophan hydroxylase.
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SYNTHESIS OCCURS IN TERMINALS. TH IS NOT
SATURATED WITH SUBSTRATE. 5HTP CONVERTED TO
SEROTONIN BY DECARBOXYLASE. 
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Dietary tryptophan depletion leads to symptom
relapse in recovered depressed patients
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TERMINATION OF ACTION PRIMARILY BY RE-UPTAKE
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5HT1-A RECEPTORS ARE AUTORECEPTORS ON RAPHE
NEURONS MORE SENSITIVE TO LSD THAN TO 5HT!
THESE RECEPTORS ARE TARGETED TO RELIEVE ANXIETY
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5-HT1-A receptors control the release of
serotonin and activity of 5HT neurons via
intracellular signaling mechanisms
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Genetic deletion of the 5-HT1A receptor increases
anxiety-like behavior in mice
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Ratings of religiosity spirituality inversely
correlated with the number of Serotonin 5-HT1A
receptors in humans American Journal
Psychiatry 1601965-1969, November 2003
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Stimulating 5HT-1A receptors with BuSpar relieves
anxiety
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Hallucinogens, e.g. LSD, Turn Off Serotonergic
Neurons in the Raphe Nuclei by Stimulating
Serotonin Receptors
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Neuronal circuits implicated in the responses
induced by psychoactive chemicals.
5-HT2AGlutamate receptor complex expressed by
cortical pyramidal neurons represents the target
of LSD-like psychoactive drugs that will
dysregulate the signaling properties of cortical
pyramidal neurons and affect cognition and
perception processes in the brain cortex. TINS,
2009.
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How is LSD able to do this?
TH
Serotonin contains an indole ring with a carbon
chain attached
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.So do these hallucinogens
LSD
Psilocybin
Hallucinogens produce synesthesia.
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Synesthesia a remarkable, rare condition where
an individual has multimodal perceptual
experiences from a unimodal sensory event.
The ability of hallucinogens to induce
synesthesia may be related to their ability to
influence serotonergic control over the frontal
lobes.
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Increased structural connectivity in grapheme-color synesthesia Romke Rouw  H Steven Scholte Nature Neuroscience - 10, 792 - 797 (2007)
 


                                                                                                                                                                     
Increased brain activation and increased anisotropy in the inferior temporal cortex in grapheme-color synesthetes.

• Using diffusion tensor imaging, we have shown
  for the first time that the extraordinary sensory
  experiences in synesthesia are associated with
  abnormalities in white matter structure.

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HALLUCINOGENS"IT IS REMARKABLE THAT ONE
CHARACTERISTIC WHICH SEEMS TO SEPARATE MAN FROM
THE ALLEGEDLY LOWER ANIMALS IS A RECURRING DESIRE
TO ESCAPE FROM REALITY" C.H.W. HORNE, 1963.IN
1990, A NIDA SURVEY REVEALED THAT BETWEEN 17 AND
21 MILLION PEOPLE IN THE US HAD USED A
HALLUCINOGEN AT LEAST ONCE THAT YEAR.
"A PSYCHEDELIC EXPERIENCE IS A JOURNEY TO NEW
REALMS OF CONSCIOUSNESS.  THE SCOPE AND CONTENT
OF THE EXPERIENCE IS LIMITLESS, BUT ITS
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES ARE THE TRANSCENDENCE OF
VERBAL CONCEPTS, OF SPACE-TIME DIMENSIONS, AND OF
THE EGO AND IDENTITY."  TIMOTHY LEARY, 1964.
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One function of consciousness is to filter out
the overwhelming and confusing mass of sensory
input our brain receives.The use of
hallucinogens therefore usually occurs in
structured and protected settings. It should
come as no surprise when I occasionally describe
how strict religious and social rules have been
drawn around the use of agents that alter
perception.
HALLUCINOGENS
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• These drugs produce a surprisingly similar
  consensus of seeing geometric images accompanied
  by altered feelings.
• There were four consistent geometric images
  reported
• a lattice or grating
• a cobweb structure
• a tunnel or funnel alley
• spiral images.
• Though colors varied, participants consistently
  reported brightness intensification. Moreover,
  the apparent size, geometrical shapes, and
  symmetry were strikingly similar from participant
  to participant (Kluver, 1928).

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62-72 of 500 participants tested with LSD
reported similar simple forms at low doses. 72
reported religious symbols and images 49
reported small animals and humans. Images
tended to pulsate and move toward a center tunnel
or away from a bright center (a phenomenon
similar to reported near death experiences).
Unlike psilocybin-induced hallucination, these
visions could not be consciously controlled.
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HALLUCINOGENS AND RELIGION
In Central and Southern America, use of
psilocybin mushrooms was a common religious
practice. The mushroom is known as a sacred
mushroom and was considered a religious path to
the spirit world. Mushroom art and sculptures
exist from 1000 BC on stones that had religious
meaning.
The Codex Vienna Mixtec manuscript (13th century)
depicted the ritual use of the mushrooms by the
Mixtec Gods.
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PSILOCYBIN CAN BE FOUND IN MORE THAN 75
DIFFERENT SPECIES OF MUSHROOMS. PSILOCYBE
MEXICANA IS THE MOST FAMOUS ORAL DOSE 2 TO 4
MUSHROOMS (DEPENDS UPON WHICH MUSHROOM IS THE
SOURCE OF THE DRUG).  LATENCY 30 MIN. PEAKS AT
90 MIN. 
EFFECTIVE DOSE 4 MG P.O. 1/100 AS POTENT AS
LSD. DURATION 6 HOURS. MINOR PHYSICAL CHANGES
DRY MOUTH, SLIGHT NAUSEA, DILATED
PUPILS. VIOLENT NAUSEA AND VOMITING WELL
ABSORBED FROM GI TRACT.
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1570'S FRANCISCO HERNANDEZ DOCUMENTED CENTRAL
AM. INDIANS USE OF THESE MUSHROOMS (THEIR
CORNUCOPIA INCLUDED USE OF 1200 HERBAL REMEDIES).
TEONANACATL "GOD'S FLESH" "SACRED MUSHROOM"
ALBERT HOFMANN 1958 ISOLATED ACTIVE
INGREDIENT. (ALSO OF LSD FAME). HE INGESTED 32
DRIED MUSHROOMS TO DETERMINE THEIR EFFECTS. HE
CLAIMED THAT THE EXPERIENCE WAS SIMILAR TO HIS
LSD EXPERIENCE. PSILOCYBIN IS CONVERTED INTO
PSILOCIN WHICH IS MORE LIPID SOLUBLE AND THE
ACTUAL PSYCHOACTIVE AGENT.
MUSHROOMS ARE EATEN RAW, COOKED INTO ANY RECIPE
THAT CALLS FOR MUSHROOMS OR STEEPED INTO A
TEA. THE POWDER IS EATEN, INSUFFLATED (BREATHED
THROUGH THE NOSE) OR SWALLOWED IN GELATIN
CAPSULES.
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MECHANISM AGONIST AT 5HT-1A AND 5HT-2A
RECEPTORS.   EXPERIENCE RELAXATION, EUPHORIA,
INTROSPECTION, DETACHMENT.  HIGH DOSES LSD-LIKE
CHANGES. ALTERED PERCEPTION OF SENSORY
STIMULI. AUDITORY AND VISUAL HALLUCINATIONS. ELEVA
TED MOOD, GREAT HILARITY.  UNREAL HALLUCINATIONS
ARE RECOGNIZED AS SUCH BY USERS. Side Effects
PHOTOSENSITIVITY, MUSCLE WEAKNESS,
VERTIGO OVERDOSE HYPERTHERMIA, FLUSHING,
CONVULSIONS, ANXIETY, PANIC REACTIONS,
PARANOIA. DEATH CAN OCCUR FROM INGESTING ABOUT
2000 TIMES THE NORMAL DOSE.
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25 OF DOSE IS EXCRETED UNCHANGED BY KIDNEYS INTO
URINE. INACTIVE METABOLITES REMAIN IN BODY FOR
MANY DAYS.
DEPENDENCE NO PHYSICAL OR PSYCHOLOGICAL
SEEN. TOLERANCE NOT LIKELY DUE TO OCCASIONAL
USE TIMOTHY LEARY'S GOOD FRIDAY TEST IN 1962 20
SEMINARIANS, DRUG/NO DRUG (30 mg PSILOCYBIN)
ATTENDED RELIGIOUS SERVICE.  CLAIMED THAT THE
USING THE WOULD ENHANCE MYSTICAL EXPERIENCE. 
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R. R. Griffiths W. A. Richards U. McCann R.
Jesse, Johns Hopkins University School of
Medicine, Psychopharmacology (August, 2006)
Psilocybin can occasion mystical-type experiences
having substantial and sustained personal meaning
and spiritual significance.
psilocybin occasioned experiences similar to
spontaneously occurring mystical experiences
which were evaluated by volunteers as having
substantial and sustained personal meaning and
spiritual significance. The ability to induce
mystical experiences should permit rigorous
scientific investigations about their causes and
consequences, providing insights into underlying
brain mechanisms
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D-LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE, LSD
LSD IS ERGOT DERIVATIVE OR INDOLE ALKYLAMINE THE
HALLUCINATIONS PRODUCED BY THIS DRUG CAN BE
ATTENUATED BY 5-HT-2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS. THEIR
HALLUCINOGENIC POTENCY IN HUMANS CORRELATES WITH
THEIR AFFINITY FOR A FEW DIFFERENT 5HT
SITES. HALLUCINOGENS ACT AS AGONISTS AT MANY
DIFFERENT RECEPTORS.
INGESTED ORALLY LSD IS RAPIDLY ABSORBED. DOSE
100 UG,P.O. IS HALLUCINOGENIC. 0.3 UG/KG IS
SUBJECTIVELY DETECTABLE 50 UG,
I.V. EFFECTIVE ONLY ABOUT 1 REACHES THE BRAIN
CONCENTRATES IN VISUAL CORTEX, LIMBIC SYSTEMS,
RETICULAR FORMATION. METABOLIZED RAPIDLY BY
LIVER EXCRETED BY KIDNEYS AS 2-OXY-LSD. TOLERANCE
AND CROSS-TOLERANCE DEVELOPS WITHIN 3-4 DAYS
WITH CONTINUAL USE.  PSYCHODELIC EFFECTS SHOW
TOLERANCE AS WELL. DEPENDENCE NO PSYCHOLOGICAL
OR PHYSIOLOGICAL DUE TO TYPICALLY INFREQUENT USE
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LSD
Latency is about 30 - 90 min. Half-life is about
3 hrs.  Psychic effects are maximal at 1 to 3
hours. At which time virtually no
radioactively-labeled LSD is in the brain!
The drug sets in motion a cascade of events that
may involve entire brain. Serotonergic system may
act as trigger. Duration 8 to 12
hours. Metabolized by the liver almost entirely.
Metabolites are excreted in the bile and
feces. Physiological effects sympathomimetic
-due to Raphe cell projections to spinal cord
onto pre-ganglionic autonomic nervous system
cells. 
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USE CORRELATES WITH DECREASED RAPHE CELL FIRING
AND INCREASED LEVELS OF 5HT AND DECREASED LEVELS
OF THE METABOLITE 5HIAA. Why? Do we see more 5HT
and less 5HIAA? BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS GREATLY
OUTLAST THE SLOWING OF RAPHE FIRING. BEHAVIORAL
EFFECTS SHOW TOLERANCE - SLOWING OF RAPHE FIRING
DOES NOT. DESTRUCTION OF 5HT NEURONS ACTUALLY
ENHANCES LSD'S EFFECTS. using LSD with MDMA
(candy-flipping).
hippy flipping - pairing psychedelic mushrooms
kitty flipping - ketamine and ecstasy
candy flipping on a string cocaine LSD MDMA.
candy flips - home-made capsules containing LSD
MDMA
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Hallucinations - mechanism?? Unknown...
But... Releases post-synaptic cells in cortex and
subcortical areas from inhibition. Many of these
cells are in visual processing systems,
e.g. Lateral geniculate and limbic
structures.  Perceptual effects are like
watching own private TV. User is aware that he is
seeing hallucinations, that they are not real,
but is powerless to stop them. Synesthesia
sensory system cross-over of information
processing. Vivid swirling colors, sounds have
colors, intensification of visual
perception.  Lowered pain sensitivity.  Possibly
due to changes in activity of the 5HT fibers that
descend into the spinal cord. Withdrawal. No
serious withdrawal symptoms.
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Adverse effects.  Chromosome damage.  Original
studies were performed badly, poorly controlled,
experimenter bias, populations observed were too
small.  Chromosome breakage rates may be higher
in LSD users or else people who have
endogenously high breakage rates like to take
LSD.  Most recent studies show no effect of LSD
on chromosomes. Acute panic reactions. Bad
experience with LSD problem is that it cannot be
terminated by user... Leads to panic.  Increased
suicides associated with use, however no cause
and effect is believed to exist. Adverse
reactions more often seen with poorly adjusted
users.
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Flashbacks.  Sudden and "unexpected" recurrences
of aspects of earlier drug experience.  2256 army
enlisted men, 23 reported flashbacks, compared
to 5 for amphetamine and 1 for marijuana.  Not
dangerous, are often self-induced! Occurs during
high stress, e.g. Driving Or just before going
to sleep Suggests that some permanent changes in
brain function occurred
Effects on temperature and time estimation. LSD,
mescaline, and psilocybin all elevate body
temperature (sympathetic side effect).  All are
associated with overestimation of time (time
moves faster for them.) Expt. Count to 60, one
count each second.  These drugs cause faster
counting.  Infrared lamps cause faster counting
in un-drugged subjects. 
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D-lysergic acid monoethylamide (a less lipid
version of LSD) may be responsible for Salem
witchcraft crisis that began in December of 1691.
Eight girls suffered with distempers
Disorderly speech, odd postures and gestures
convulsive fits.
Lacking a reasonable explanation the New England
puritans saw this as the work of Satan brought
about by the practice of witchcraft by some
women of ill repute. By September 1692 19 men
and women were hung, one man was pressed to death
and two died in prison.
POISONING IS CALLED ERGOTISM AND CAUSES A BURNING
IN THE EXTREMITIES DUE TO VASOCONSTRICTION OF
BLOOD VESSELS. CAN LEAD TO LIMB DEATH. 40,000
DEATHS IN AD 944 EUROPE SAINT ANTHONYS FIRE.
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Ergot fungus (Claviceps purpurea) growing on corn
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MORNING GLORY  RIVEA CORYMBOSA  KNOWN AS
OLOLIUQUI BY THE AZTECS. DRAWINGS FROM THE 16th
CENTURY SUGGESTED THE MORNING GLORY WAS
OLOLIUQUI. BUT IT WAS NOT UNTIL A PLANT WAS
DISCOVERED STILL GROWING IN 1939 IN A ZAPOTEC
INDIAN GARDEN IN OAXACA MEXICO WAS THIS
CONFIRMED. CONTAINS D-LYSERGIC ACID
MONOETHYLAMIDE  ONE-TENTH AS POTENT AS LSD.
WHY? DISCOVERED BY ALBERT HOFMANN.  ORALLY
EFFECTIVE. REQUIRES 100-150 MORNING GLORY SEEDS
TO GET HIGH.  CAUSES A DREAMY STATE WITHIN ABOUT
20 MINUTES, FOLLOWED BY SLEEP.
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Does not produce the visual hallucinations seen
with LSD. Often taken while alone. 16th century
Mexico morning glory seeds had most religious
significance. A.K.A. Mexican bindweed or "flower
of the virgin" Other variations on this plant
that became popular in US in 1960's include
"Heavenly blue, pearly gates wedding bells"
42
HAWAIIAN WOOD-ROSE SEEDS (Argyreia
Nervosa) BIOCHEMISTRY SAME AS MORNING
GLORY REQUIRES 4 TO 8 WOOD-ROSE SEEDS TO GET HIGH
Many experience nausea and gas. WHY? The fuzzy
husk of the seed is often removed and not
ingested because it seems to worsen the nausea.
Seeds contain D-LYSERGIC ACID MONOETHYLAMIDE
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DMT.  N,N-DIMETHYLTRYPTAMINE LSD-LIKE
DRUG. SHORTER DURATION OF ACTION. ALSO HAS MAO-I
ACTION. DMT DETERIORATES RAPIDLY, ESPECIALLY IN
THE STOMACH LATENCY 10 - 15 MIN WITH
I.M. DOSE. 2 - 3 MIN WITH INHALATION.  DURATION
10 MINUTES.  "BUSINESSMAN'S TRIP".  EFFECTIVE
HALLUCINOGENIC DOSE - 1 MG INHALATION PRODUCES
EUPHORIA, BEHAVIORAL EXCITEMENT AND HALLUCINATION
WITH EYES OPEN OR CLOSED!
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MACROPSIA IS COMMON (APPARENT MAGNIFICATION OF
OBJECTS). SE- TACHYCARDIA, HYPERTENSION,
MYDRIASIS, ACUTE ANXIETY ATTACKS, PANIC
REACTIONS TOXICATION NUMBNESS OF LIMBS,
TWITCHING OF THE FACE, LACK OF MOTOR CONTROL,
NASAL DISCHARGES, NAUSEA, VOMITING. NO EVIDENCE
FOR PHYSIOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOLOGICAL
DEPENDENCE TOLERANCE NOT LIKELY NO
CROSS-TOLERANCE WITH LSD
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DMT FIRST SYNTHESIZED IN 1931, ABUSE BEGAN IN
1956. DMT WORLDWIDE, THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT
NATURALLY OCCURRING HALLUCINOGENIC AGENT. 
S. AM. INDIANS USE IT AS COHOBA OR VIROLA
SNUFF. A BLOOD-RED RESIN IS BOILED OUT OF THE
BARK OF THE VIROLA TREE (FOUND IN
JUNGLE) THEORY ONCE BELIEVED TO BE AN ENDOGENOUS
SCHIZOPHRENIC AGENT. ENZYME THAT CONVERTS
TRYPTAMINE TO DMT IS FOUND IN THE HUMAN
BRAIN. BUT...NO EVIDENCE THAT IT HAPPENS
YET. LOW LEVELS OF DMT HAVE BEEN FOUND IN BRAIN
OF NORMALS AND SCHIZOPHENICS. DMT AND DET NOT
ORALLY ACTIVE.
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PHENCYCLIDINE PIPERIDINE HCL.  (PCP, ANGEL
DUST) SYNTHESIZED 1957, USED AS DISSOCIATIVE
ANESTHETIC, HAD LIMITED RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION.
EMERGENCE PSYCHOSIS IN PATIENTS! ABUSE BEGAN IN
1965. ORALLY ACTIVE.  PCP IS USUALLY SMOKED ON
CIGARETTES THAT HAVE THICK WRAPPERS TO ABSORB THE
PCP LIQUID. USE LEADS TO PSYCHOTIC STATE.  CNS
DEPRESSANT- DEATH BY CARDIAC ARREST.
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DOSE 2 - 10 MG P.O. HIGH DOSE - SEDATIVE LOW
DOSE - STIMULANT IN RATS. LATENCY 1 HR., PEAK
EFFECTS IN 5 HRS. DURATION 12 HRS. FOLLOWED BY
DEPRESSION THAT MAY LAST UP TO 24
HOURS. METABOLISM ALMOST ENTIRELY BY LIVER,
EXCRETED BY KIDNEYS. EXPERIENCE CHANGES IN BODY
IMAGE, RELAXATION, TINGLING FEELING, FEELINGS OF
ISOLATION AND FLOATING IN SPACE, SLOWING OF
MENTAL PROCESSES. MORE INTENSE THAN LSD, BUT MUCH
SHORTER. 
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PHARMACOLOGY CNS DEPRESSANT, ANESTHETIC,
TRANQUILIZER, PSYCHEDELIC.  RESEARCH SUGGESTS
AND ENDOGENOUS PCP RECEPTOR AND LIGAND.
"ANGELDUSTIN" HAS SOME AMPHETAMINE-LIKE
BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS. TOLERANCE. DEVELOPS IN
CHRONIC USERS.  MILD WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS.
INCLUDING, DIARRHEA, SLEEPINESS, RARELY
CONVULSIONS.
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PCP blocks Calcium ion entry via the NMDA
glutamate receptor channel
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Dysregulation of the signaling processes of
cortical pyramidal neurons impairs cognition and
normal perception in the cortex.
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ADVERSE EFFECTS. CONSTIPATION, DECREASED
APPETITE.  PROLONGED DAILY USE MEMORY AND SPEECH
DIFFICULTIES UP TO 1 YEAR LATER. ANXIETY,
DEPRESSION, PARANOIA. CLAIMS OF INCREASED
VIOLENT BEHAVIOR.  NO SYSTEMATIC EVIDENCE FOR
THIS HOWEVER. DOES NOT TURN A NORMAL PERSON
WITH GOOD MENTAL HEALTH INTO A VIOLENT PERSON.
RESEMBLES SCHIZOPHRENIA.
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DEATHS ARE DIRECTLY RELATED TO ITS USE, UNLIKE
OTHER HALLUCINOGENS. DEATH ESPECIALLY BY
DROWNING IN CALIF., LOST ORIENTATION WHILE
SWIMMING, COULDN'T FIND SURFACE 1 PERSON DROWNED
IN SHOWER), MANY DEATHS ARE RELATED TO
SUICIDE OVERDOSE (GREATER THAN 20 MG) GRAND MAL
SEIZURES, COMA, CARDIOVASCULAR COLLAPSE.
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POSITIVE EFFECTS 60 OF USES ADVERSE EFFECTS
100 OF TIME. WHY BOTHER? CHRONIC USE. PERMANENT
ORGANIC BRAIN DAMAGE. FLASH BACK PSYCHOSIS IN
SOME PEOPLE WHEN THEN QUIT. POSITIVE
EFFECTS. 80 OF CHRONIC USERS ENJOYED FIRST
TIME. "EXHILARATING AND EUPHORIC", "PERFECT DREAM
WORLD". VERY INTENSE EXPERIENCE! USERS AND ANIMAL
STUDIES SUGGEST THAT PCP EFFECTS IN BRAIN ARE NOT
LIKE ANY OTHER DRUG OF ABUSE.
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KETAMINE SIMILAR TO PHENCYCLIDINE, BUT 1/10 AS
POTENT, SHORTER ACTIN.  DEVELOPED AS SURGICAL
ANESTHETIC.  USED EXTENSIVELY IN
VIETNAM.  EMERGENCE REACTIONS INCLUDED VIVID
HALLUCINATIONS 1 - 2 MG/KG I.M. GIVES INTENSE
EXPERIENCE.  DURATION 1 - 2 HOURS.  EXPERIENCE
FLOATING, EUPHORIA, RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCES. ADVER
SE REACTIONS ATAXIA, SLURRING OF SPEECH,
DIZZINESS. DOSE-DEPENDENTLY CAN ACT A STIMULANT,
DEPRESSANT OR HALLUCINOGEN. METABOLISM IS
EXTREMELY SLOW, SO ITS EFFECTS CAN BE CUMULATIVE.
DOES NOT DEPRESS CIRCULATORY OR RESPIRATORY
SYSTEMS! DOES APPEAR TO BE ADDICTIVE.
55
KNOWN AS VITAMIN K OR SPECIAL K ON
STREET. USUALLY OBTAINED AS LIQUID FROM VETS
OFFICES, DRIED BY COOKING AND GROUND INTO A
POWDER. JOHN LILLY, THE SCIENTIST WHO PIONEERED
COMMUNICATION WITH DOLPHINS, BECAME CONVINCED
THAT HE HAD BROKEN THROUGH INTO A HIGHER REALITY
INHABITED BY BEINGS THAT CONTROLLED OUR OWN
VERSION OF THE UNIVERSE.
56
KNOWN AS VITAMIN K OR SPECIAL K ON
STREET. USUALLY OBTAINED AS LIQUID FROM VETS
OFFICES, DRIED BY COOKING AND GROUND INTO A
POWDER. JOHN LILLY, THE SCIENTIST WHO PIONEERED
COMMUNICATION WITH DOLPHINS, BECAME CONVINCED
THAT HE HAD BROKEN THROUGH INTO A HIGHER REALITY
INHABITED BY BEINGS THAT CONTROLLED OUR OWN
VERSION OF THE UNIVERSE. IN 1997, AT THE HAIGHT
ASHBURY FREE CLINIC (SAN FRANCISCO) ONE CHRONIC
VIT K USER BECAME CONVINCED THAT HE WAS THE
MESSAIH AND BEGAN GATHERING APOSTLES (WHO WERE
NOT DRUG USERS- JUST VERY NAIVE!).
57
KNOWN AS VITAMIN K OR SPECIAL K ON
STREET. USUALLY OBTAINED AS LIQUID FROM VETS
OFFICES, DRIED BY COOKING AND GROUND INTO A
POWDER. JOHN LILLY, THE SCIENTIST WHO PIONEERED
COMMUNICATION WITH DOLPHINS, BECAME CONVINCED
THAT HE HAD BROKEN THROUGH INTO A HIGHER REALITY
INHABITED BY BEINGS THAT CONTROLLED OUR OWN
VERSION OF THE UNIVERSE. IN 1997, AT THE HAIGHT
ASHBURY FREE CLINIC (SAN FRANCISCO) ONE CHRONIC
VIT K USER BECAME CONVINCED THAT HE WAS THE
MESSAIH AND BEGAN GATHERING APOSTLES (WHO WERE
NOT DRUG USERS- JUST VERY NAIVE!). A COUNSELOR
AT THE CLINIC CONVINCED HIM THAT IF HE REALLY WAS
WHO HE THOUGHT HE WAS, HIS DIVINE IDENTITY WOULD
CONTINUE WITHOUT HIS USING KETAMINE.
58
KNOWN AS VITAMIN K OR SPECIAL K ON
STREET. USUALLY OBTAINED AS LIQUID FROM VETS
OFFICES, DRIED BY COOKING AND GROUND INTO A
POWDER. JOHN LILLY, THE SCIENTIST WHO PIONEERED
COMMUNICATION WITH DOLPHINS, BECAME CONVINCED
THAT HE HAD BROKEN THROUGH INTO A HIGHER REALITY
INHABITED BY BEINGS THAT CONTROLLED OUR OWN
VERSION OF THE UNIVERSE. IN 1997, AT THE HAIGHT
ASHBURY FREE CLINIC (SAN FRANCISCO) ONE CHRONIC
VIT K USER BECAME CONVINCED THAT HE WAS THE
MESSAIH AND BEGAN GATHERING APOSTLES (WHO WERE
NOT DRUG USERS- JUST VERY NAIVE!). A COUNSELOR
AT THE CLINIC CONVINCED HIM THAT IF HE REALLY WAS
WHO HE THOUGHT HE WAS, HIS DIVINE IDENTITY WOULD
CONTINUE WITHOUT HIS USING KETAMINE. AFTER
DETOXING, THE CLIENT RECOGNIZED HIS DELUSIONAL
STATE FOR WHAT IT WAS AND DISBANDED HIS
DISCIPLES, TELLING THEM THAT HE HAD MADE
TERRIBLE MISTAKE.
59
KNOWN AS VITAMIN K OR SPECIAL K ON
STREET. USUALLY OBTAINED AS LIQUID FROM VETS
OFFICES, DRIED BY COOKING AND GROUND INTO A
POWDER. JOHN LILLY, THE SCIENTIST WHO PIONEERED
COMMUNICATION WITH DOLPHINS, BECAME CONVINCED
THAT HE HAD BROKEN THROUGH INTO A HIGHER REALITY
INHABITED BY BEINGS THAT CONTROLLED OUR OWN
VERSION OF THE UNIVERSE. IN 1997, AT THE HAIGHT
ASHBURY FREE CLINIC (SAN FRANCISCO) ONE CHRONIC
VIT K USER BECAME CONVINCED THAT HE WAS THE
MESSAIH AND BEGAN GATHERING APOSTLES (WHO WERE
NOT DRUG USERS- JUST VERY NAIVE!). A COUNSELOR
AT THE CLINIC CONVINCED HIM THAT IF HE REALLY WAS
WHO HE THOUGHT HE WAS, HIS DIVINE IDENTITY WOULD
CONTINUE WITHOUT HIS USING KETAMINE. AFTER
DETOXING, THE CLIENT RECOGNIZED HIS DELUSIONAL
STATE FOR WHAT IT WAS AND DISBANDED HIS
DISCIPLES, TELLING THEM THAT HE HAD MADE
TERRIBLE MISTAKE. MOST OF HIS DISCIPLES
REFUSED TO BELIEVE THAT HE WAS NOT THE MESSAIH
AND BECAME VERY ANGRY AT THE CLINIC FOR
CORRECTING HIS MISTAKE. (REPORTED BY R.B.
SEYMOUR, DIRECTOR OF CLINIC)
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MESCALINE Many cacti contain hallucinogenic
alkaloids. Many can be bought in nurseries.
Chief psychoactive ingredient of cactus
(Lophophora williamsii). The drink prepared from
this cactus was called peyote. 60 diff alkaloids
contribute to its effects. Catecholamine-related
agent may be derived from phenylethylamine.
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ORALLY EFFECTIVE.  MAXIMUM BRAIN LEVELS 1 - 2 HRS
AFTER INGESTION. Effective Dose EUPHORIA 3
MG/KG HALLUCINATIONS 5 MG/KG. HALF-LIFE - ABOUT
6 HRS. DURATION 5-12 HRS. EFFECTS FIRST 1 TO
2 HOURS ARE VERY UNPLEASANT. HANGOVER BEFORE THE
HIGH.  NAUSEA, TREMOR, ELEVATION OF BODY
TEMPERATURE, PERSPIRATION, PUPIL DILATION,
INCREASED PULSE RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE
(EXCITATION OF SYMPATHETIC). DEATH BY
RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION. PRIMARY EFFECTS ARE ON
VISION  BRIGHTLY COLORED LIGHTS AND GEOMETRIC
DESIGNS. "COLOR COMING FROM A WOVEN RUG" EUPHORIA
ASSOCIATED WITH MENTAL AND PHYSICAL ENERGY. 
62
"THESE SHOWS ARE EXPENSIVE...THE EXPERIENCE,
HOWEVER, IT WAS WORTH ONE SUCH HEADACHE AND
INDIGESTION, BUT IT WAS NOT WORTH A
SECOND." TOLERANCE PROBABLY CAN BE PRODUCED, BUT
LITTLE PSYCHOLOGICAL DEPENDENCE OR PHYSICAL
DEPENDENCE DEVELOPS WITH USE. CROSS-TOLERANCE
WITH LSD AND PSILOCYBIN. EXCRETED UNCHANGED FROM
KIDNEYS.  MECHANISM MAY ACT UPON 5HT SYSTEMS
IN BRAIN FOR HALLUCINOGENIC EFFECTS.
63
SPICES NUTMEG MACE.  Autobiography of Malcolm
X describes use of nutmeg in prison as
hallucinogen. Nutmeg and mace (a red sheet of
material that surrounds the inner nut) come from
nutmeg tree, Myristica fragrans, active agent
(myristicin-nutmeg or clemicin-mace) is an
aromatic ether similar to mescaline.  Also found
in parsley and carrots!! Tree found in spice (or
nutmeg) islands of South Pacific in
Indonesia. Dose nutmeg- 10 to 30 gms dissolved
in juice or water. Reactions vary
considerably from nothing at all...most of the
time to euphoria at low doses, to
marijuana-like or LSD-like experiences at higher
doses. Latency 10 min to 4 hours.  Lasts up to 2
days! 
64
Causes nausea, dizziness, headaches, anxiety and
delirium. Ends with severe hangover. Most people
never try nutmeg again! Chronic use can produce a
psychotic reaction similar to stimulant
psychosis. Other spices Spices such as saffron,
fennel, dill, cinnamon, and anise contain similar
psychoactive ethers, such as safrole, eugenol and
myristicin. Clove cigarettes contain eugenol -
produces milder marijuana-like effects
65
HARMALINE AND HARMINE LSD-like drugs that are
also MAO-inhibitors. Thus they stimulate
serotonin receptors and enhance Dopamine
producing both hallucinations and
euphoria! Originate from many thick vine plants
(e.G., Peganum harmala) found in the amazon rain
forest.  Drink called yage (made from
Haemadictyon amazonia), caapi, or ayahuasca, a
vine of the souls (Both from Banisterocopsis
caapi)  Harmaline and Harmine are indole
alkaloids derived from tryptophan.
66
METHYLATED HARMAN MOLECULES CAN BE FOUND IN HUMAN
BRAIN AT AUTOPSY LATENCY OF ONSET WITH ORAL DOSE
IS 5 MIN!  DURATION 4 - 8 HOURS SYMPTOMS
NAUSEA, VOMITING, DIARRHEA, STOMACH CRAMPS FOLLOW
THE EXPERIENCE. HALLUCINATIONS REGARDLESS OF
BACKGROUND, VISIONS OF PANTHERS, JAGUARS, AND
OTHER LARGE CATS! CALLED A PSYCHIC SEDATIVE.
67
IBOGAINE PSYCHOACTIVE AGENT OF AN AFRICAN SHRUB
TABERNANTHE IBOGA  ACTS AT NMDA RECEPTORS,
DOPAMINE RE-UPTAKE TRANSPORTERS, K-OPIOID
RECEPTORS AND SEROTONIN RECEPTORS. EXTRACTS OF
PLANT USED BY AFRICAN NATIVES WHILE STALKING
GAME, TO ENABLE THEM TO REMAIN MOTIONLESS FOR AS
LONG AS 2 DAYS WHILE REMAINING ALERT.
Ibogaine and several iboga alkaloids
(tabernanthine, R- and S-coronaridine, R- and S-
ibogamine, desethylcoronaridine, and harmaline)
reduced cocaine self-administration in humans and
rats these effects were seen the day after
injection.
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"A little over an hour after taking ibogaine, a
strong desire to lie down occurs and a feeling of
dizziness. Then a television or movie screen
appears and the person pictorially reviews his or
her life. This view of events seems emotionally
dissociated from the present time, and past
errors and poor decisions are recognized and
assimilated impartially. People wake up
believing they have a new understanding and
control of their life."
69
Hallucinations are interesting childhood
imagery, frequent explosions of rage directed at
incidents that occurred in childhood.  Effects
last 8 to 12 hours.  Sorcerers of the Bwiti
African tribe use it to speak with ancestors and
spirits. Initiation into the tribe hinges on
ones having a vision of the god plant Bwiti via
the use of iboga plant extracts. Popular among
street addicts in Europe for treatment of heroin
and cocaine dependence. Currently patented for
treatment of opiate, amphetamine, cocaine and
ethanol addition.
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Bufotenin Found in low quantities in fish (rudder
fish, off Norfolk Island) dream fish claimed to
produce vivid dreams after ingestion of fish. 
Also found in skin and glands of a S. Am.
Toad.  Cohoba snuff- contains bufotenin Also
found in Acacia niopo Central Am. Mimosa Use- as
snuff or enema. Produces purple face, numbness,
vomiting and visual hallucinations (macropsia).
The tree also contains b-carboline MAO-I.
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BUFOTENIN In Orinoco basin, seeds from
Piptadenia peregrina are ground mixed with lime,
and used as snuff called "yopo". Using a forked
tube made from chicken bones, the boys blow it
into each others nostrils. May also be found in
the mushroom Amanita muscaria.
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Salvinorin A is the main active psychotropic
molecule in Salvia divinorum, a Mexican plant
which has a long history of use by Mazatec
shamans. Salvinorin A is a hallucinogenic
compound. It is structurally quite distinct
from other naturally occurring hallucinogens. It
is the most potent naturally occurring
psychoactive drug known to date, with an
effective dose in humans in the 200- to 1,000-µg
range when smoked.
It acts as a kappa opioid receptor agonist and is
the first known compound acting on this receptor
that is not an alkaloid.
Salvinorin A has no actions at the 5-HT2A
receptor.