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Chapter 4 - Tissue: The Living Fabric

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Title: Chapter 4 - Tissue: The Living Fabric


1
Chapter 4 - Tissue The Living Fabric
  • I. Introduction
  • A. General Characteristics
  • Tissue group of closely associated cells that
    are similar in structure and perform a common or
    related function
  • 1.) epithelial,
  • 2.) connective,
  • 3.) muscle and,
  • 4.) nervous

2
Epithelial
Muscle
Connective
Nervous
3
Functions
  • Cover,
  • Support,
  • Movement, and
  • Control

4
II. Epithelial Tissue
  • A. Features
  • 1. Covers body surface, lines cavities,
    glandular epithelium
  • 2. Retain ability to divide throughout life span
  • 3. 5 functional types of epithelia
  • 1. Protective - skin, lining or cavities such as
    mouth
  • 2. Exchange - lungs, blood vessels
  • 3. Transporting - intestine, kidney
  • 4. Ciliated - nose, trachea
  • 5. Secretory - sweat and saliva are secreted by
    epithelia, exocrine glands including pancreas
    endocrine including thyroid

5
  • B. Special Characteristics
  • 1. Cellularity close packed cells
  • 2. Specialized contacts tight junctions and
    desmosomes
  • 3. Polarity apical (free) surface and basal
    surface
  • 4. Basement membrane base of the epithelium
  • a. a network of fine protein filaments embedded
    in glycoprotein. The filaments hold the
    epithelial cells to the underlying cell layers -
    like adhesive junctions
  • 5. Innervated but avascular - contain no blood
    vessels. The cells are nourished by diffusion
    from blood vessels in the underlying connective
    tissue.
  • 6. Regeneration - some epithelia are exposed to
    friction or noxious substances

6
  • C. Classification
  • Criteria
  • a. Cellular shapes squamous (flat), cuboidal
    (cube) or columnar
  • b. Cellular arrangement (layers) simple - 1
    cell thick, or stratified - multiple layers
  • c. Classes
  • 1) Simple squamous, cuboidal, columnar and
    pseudostratified
  • 2) Stratified squamous, cuboidal, columnar and
    transitional named for shape of cells at apical
    surface

7
1. Simple Epithelium
  • Simple Squamous
  • Single layer of flat cells
  • filtration kidney
  • lungs,
  • blood vessels

8
Simple Cuboidal
  • single layer as tall as wide
  • secretion and absorption

9
Simple Columnar
  • 1) Absorption and,
  • 2) Secretion of mucous
  • Goblet cells secrete mucus
  • Simple ciliated columnar lines uterine tubes and
    some of respiratory tract

10
Pseudostratified Columnar
  • All cells rest on basement membrane but only
    tallest reach apical surface
  • Secretion and absorption
  • Pseudostratified ciliated columnar lines most of
    respiratory tract

Basement membrane
11
  • 2. Stratified Epithelia
  • Stratified Squamous
  • Most widespread forms external part of skin
    and a short distance into body openings
  • Several layers of cells
  • So, protective
  • Surface cells are
  • squamous
  • 5. Deeper cells cuboidal

12
Transitional
  • lines urinary organs(bladder) basal cells
    cuboidal or columnar
  • 6 layers when empty and
  • 3 layers when stretched

13
  • D. Glandular Epithelia
  • General - Secretory epithelia are composed of
    cells that produce a substance inside the cell
    and release it - a secretion.
  • Secretory cells may be scattered or form a gland
  • a. Gland one or more cells that make and
    secrete a particular product or secretion
  • b. There are 2 types of secretory glands
  • endocrine
  • exocrine

14
Endocrine Glands (endo in)
  • a. Ductless glands
  • b. Release secretions called hormones into blood

15
  • Exocrine Glands secrete onto body surfaces
  • Produce 2 secretions
  • serous - watery secretions that contain enzymes
  • mucous - sticky solutions of glycoproteins
  • Release secretions into the external
    environment skin surface, epithelial lining.
  • Most use open tubes or ducts. Examples - sweat,
    mucous, salivary glands

16
  • Multicellular Exocrine Glands
  • a. Contain a duct and secretory unit with
    secretory cells
  • b. Structural classification
  • 1) Simple glands single unbranched duct
  • 2) Compound glands branched duct
  • 3) Tubular secretory cells form tubes
  • 4) Alveolar hollow cavity or sac
  • 5) Tubuloalveolar both

17
Connective Tissue
  • Characterized by the cells widely separated from
    each other in a matrix that is produced by the
    cells.
  • Tissue protects and supports.
  • Cell Matrix composed of two regions
  • Ground
  • Liquid (sol), Gel, Gum or solid
  • Fibers
  • Non-elastic ( white or Collagen)
  • Elastic ( yellow fibers)
  • Types of Connective tissue

18
Connective Tissue
  • Types
  • 1. connective tissue proper ( fat and fibrous
    tissue of ligaments),
  • 2. cartilage,
  • 3. bone,
  • 4. blood

19
  • Regions
  • ground substance,
  • fibers, and
  • cells
  • 1. Ground substance fills the space between
    cells and contains fibers
  • 2. Fibers
  • a. Collagen fibers primarily collagen
    stronger than steel! white fibers
  • b. Elastic fibers long, thin fibers that form
    networks stretch and recoil
  • c. Reticular fibers fine collagenous fibers
    continuous with collagen fibers form networks
    around vessels, soft tissues and organs and
    basement membrane

20
Cells
  • Each class of connective tissue has a cell type
    in mature and immature form
  • blasts immature and undifferentiated cells
    that secrete the ground substance and the matrix
  • cytes mature cells

21
Cells
  • Cell types in mature and immature form
  • Fibroblasts connective tissue proper
  • Chondroblasts cartilage
  • Osteoblasts bone
  • Hemocytoblasts blood
  • Macrophages phagocytize foreign materials

22
blast bud, forming cyte less active, mature
mode
Connective tissues arise from a common origin -
mesenchyme
23
Functions
  • 1. Binding and structural support
  • 2. Protection
  • 3. Insulation
  • 4. Transportation

24
Types of Connective Tissue
  • Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue
  • Dense Connective Tissue
  • Adipose
  • Cartilage
  • Bone
  • Blood

25
Loose Connective Tissue (Areolar)
  • Gel like ground with both elastic and non-elastic
    fibers running though the ground in many
    directions.
  • Wraps and cushions organs
  • Under the skin

26
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
  • Nuclei and fibers arranged in parallel rows.
  • Tendons and ligaments
  • Fibers mostly non-elastic

27
Adipose (Fat)
  • Function as storage cells for adipose (lipids)
  • Adipose cells contain a large vacuole which in
    the live cell contains lipids.
  • Cell nucleus and cytoplasm are pushed out to edge
    of cell membrane.

28
Cartilage
  • Ground of matrix is gum like.
  • Cells are found in Lacunae within the matrix.
  • Fibers may be elastic or non-elastic, or a form
    of non-elastic called reticular(where the
    non-elastic fibers of very thin)
  • Hyaline Cartilage-example on the ends of bones
  • Elastic Cartilage- example ear cartilage
  • Non-elastic Cartilage- example nose cartilage.

29
Hyaline cartilage
30
Elastic Cartilage
31
Bone
  • Ground of matrix is Solid (Calcium carbonate).
  • Has blood supply and nerves running through the
    Haversian canal systems.

32
Vascular Tissue (Blood)
  • Liquid matrix plasma
  • 90 water
  • 10Plasma proteins, electrolytes, hormones,
    oxygen, glucose etc.
  • Formed elements
  • Erythrocytes -48billion(female) to 54 billion
    (male) cell / ml of blood in humans. Mammals are
    enucleated while rest of the vertebrates they
    have nuclei
  • Leukocytes -about 7.5 million / ml of blood
  • Platelets -blood clotting

33
Blood
34
Muscle Tissue
  • Tissue with cells having fibers specialized for
    contraction.
  • Skeletal Muscle (Striated, voluntary)
  • Parallel elongated cells (fibers)
  • multinucleated and each cell is the length of
    the muscle.
  • Light meat, Dark meatSlow twitch, fast twitch
    muscle
  • Smooth Muscle (Visceral, involuntary)
  • Cells are long and tapered.
  • Organized into sheets of muscle.
  • Cardiac Muscle
  • Intercalated disc
  • Myogenic
  • branched

35
Skeletal Muscle
36
Smooth Muscle
37
Cardiac Muscle
38
Nervous Tissue
  • Cells specialized to polarize and depolarize.
  • Cell is a neuron

39
Epithelial Membranes
  • Consists of a least two tissue types epithelium
    and connective tissue proper. There are 3 types
    of membranes
  • A. Cutaneous
  • 1. Skin
  • 2. Keratinized stratified squamous attached to
    dense irregular connective dermis

40
  • B. Mucous Membranes
  • 1. Line body cavities that open to outside
    (digestive, respiratory and urogenital)
  • 2. Mucosae are stratified squamous or simple
    columnar
  • 3. Adapted for secretion and absorption
  • 4. Lamina propria loose connective tissue
    under epithelial tissue

41
  • C. Serous Membranes (Serosae)
  • 1. Found in closed ventral body cavities
  • 2. Parietal and visceral layers, each of simple
    squamous (mesothelium) on layer of loose
    connective (areolar)
  • 3. Serous fluid lubricates between layers
  • 4. Pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum

42
VII. Tissue Repair
  • There are many defenses against damage, but if
    skin is penetrated, inflammatory and immune
    responses are activated
  • A. General
  • 1. Regeneration replacement of destroyed
    tissue with same tissue type
  • 2. Fibrosis scar tissue (fibrous connective)
    forms
  • B. Inflammation
  • a. Histamine from mast cells, other chemicals
    dilate capillaries and make them more permeable
  • b. Allows WBC's and plasma fluid, rich in
    clotting proteins and antibodies to enter.
  • c. Clot forms to stop blood, walls off area,
    forms a scab.
  • d. Redness, swelling, heat due to above

43
  • 2. Organization First stage of tissue repair
    blood clot replaced by granulation tissue
    (fragile capillaries from nearby that lay down a
    new capillary bed.
  • 3. Regeneration and/or fibrosis epithelium
    regenerates and scar may remain visible

44
  • C. Factors
  • 1. Tissue type skin, epithelial, bone, fibrous
    connective tissues heal well while muscle,
    cartilage are poor at regeneration
  • 2. Type of injury and care
  • 3. Nutrition
  • 4. Blood supply
  • 5. Health
  • 6. Age
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