RIMES

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Geographic Information System and its Application
in Hydro-Meteorology
Training Course on Hydro-Meteorological
Forecasting and GIS Application RIMES, Bangkok,
Thailand, 09th March 2010.
Jothiganesh Shanmugasundaram Decision Support
Tool Development Specialist.
RIMES Regional Integrated Multi-Hazard Early
Warning System for Africa and Asia
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Presentation Outline

• GIS Overview
• SAVGIS Introduction Functionalities
• Geodatabase Data Types
• Meteorological Applications
• Surface Observatory Data Management
• Forecast Data Management
• Forecast Verification
• Spatial Interpolation
• Weather Parameter Plots
• Hazard Risk Assessment
• SAVGIS in Hydro-Met Applications
• Exercises for Practice

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GIS Overview

• A System to capture, store, analyze, manage, and
  display the data that is linked to location.
• GIS tools allow users to visualize spatial data
  (2D3D), create interactive queries, analyze
  spatial information, and generate maps.

Hardware
GIS has information of a object
Software
Database
Where it is?, What it is?
Visualization
GIS can also answer
Analysis
What if? Where if? When if?
Modeling
Outputs
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GIS Overview
Complexity in reading and understanding
Easy to read and understand
Level of Mapping
World
Asia
Country
District
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SAVGIS Introduction
SAVATECA Database generation management
SAVEDIT Digitizing new relations, Import .shp
files, data quality checks and data format
conversion
SAVAMER Raster and Vector data georeferencing,
mosaicing and Integration.

• System developed since 1984.
• Dr. Marc Souris, Institute of Research for
  Development (IRD, France) is the key person
  behind this.
• Freely available GIS tool www.savgis.org
• 3. Compatible with other GIS tool files and
  formats such as ESRI shape file, Ascii, Excel,
  Access etc.,

SAVANE Main module for Mapping and Analysis of
data, Spatial and Surface Analysis functions,
Geodatabase Visualization, Statistical and
Geo-statistical Analysis.
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SAVGIS Functionalities

• Geographic database management
• 2D and 3D visualization
• Spatial analysis
• Statistical and Geo-statistical functions
  (Histograms, regression, covariance and PCA,
  Chi2,Ttest, Bayesian, Getis-Ord, Monte Carlo
  approach, Moran stat, etc.,)
• Interpolation techniques
• Digital elevation models
• Data imports and exports (Shapefile, GeoTIFF)
• Spatial queries
• Embedded Google Maps window

• Remote-sensing and Image processing
• Digitization from Raster data such as scanned
  paper maps, satellite images etc.,
• Buffer and Network Analysis
• Projection conversion and datum transformations

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Geodatabase

• SAVGIS - Geodatabase is a database with group of
  geographical relations (Vector and Raster)
  layered in single base. Relations are connected
  with attributes which has the properties and
  details of the objects (linked with a location).
  

• Geographic extent may vary from global to local
  scale. For example a geodatabase can be developed
  for whole world and also for a very small
  administrative area.
• Geodatabase have all the datasets in same
  projection. It remains unaffected unless user
  delete in SAVATECA.

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Geo-data Type
RASTER DATA
VECTOR DATA

• Polygon
• Administrative boundaries
• Land use
• Geology map etc.,

• Polyline
• Rivers and streams
• Roadways
• Railways etc.,

• Pixel based
• 1. ESRI ASCII
• 2.Image formats
• tiff, jpeg, bmp
• 3. Grid datasets

• Point
• Village location
• Landmarks
• Met Station location etc.,

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Digital Elevation Model

• DEM is elevation dataset from USGS
• DEM elevation data can used to determine slope,
  aspect, hill shade and contour in SAVGIS

Hill Shade
Slope
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Spatial Analysis

• Analysis which allows the user to study the
  relationship between location and its
  characteristics geographic feature.
• It is very useful for analyzing meteorological or
  hydrologic data in terms of geographic
  distribution, and for verification analyses of
  forecasts and warnings.

Figure shows rainfall distribution over the
Bhutan region. Also it represents how it varies
from place to place (spatially). Whatever objects
you analyze with respect to space, it is called
spatial analysis
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Temporal Analysis

• Analysis which allows the user to study the
  variations of a parameter or phenomenon of a
  object over a location or geographic region.

• Analyze patterns and behaviors
• Identify anomalies

Temporal analysis of grid location in Bhutan
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GIS in Hydro-Met Applications

• Weather Database Management Spatial and
  Temporal datasets of surface observatory and
  Forecast products
• Generate Value added products by adding
  Geographical Information to forecast.
• Serves to interpret and analyze scientific
  products
• Helps in Decision making purposes for issuance of
  warnings and verification.

• Exposure assessment with help of demography,
  environmental and socio-economic data
• Historical impacts analysis for deriving
  thresholds by case analysis.
• Evolving the process of generating pre-impact
  scenarios

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Data Generation

• Observations from sensor networks satellites,
  radars, or ground-based stations
• Model simulation data

Source NOAA, USA
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Data Management

• Observatory data Point data (Vector)
• Satellite images as RASTER files (pixel based
  values)
• Model data is always in Grid format. It can be
  either used directly as grid or point data format
  into GIS.
• All point dataset can be made as surface using
  spatial interpolation techniques in GIS

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Data Analysis

• Analyze patterns and trend
• Spatiotemporal relationships among weather events
• Verify forecast model output and observations
  data - Model validation
• Evaluate Potential Impacts

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Why Weather and Geography?

• Better visualization for better interpretation
  and understanding
• Knowledge about influence of a parameter with
  respect to geography and period.
• Help to make decisions for managing the impacts
  and influence of the event in sectors like
  Agriculture, Water resource, Drainage,
  Infrastructure, Transportation, Irrigation etc.,

Source GOOGLE
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Weather Geography
Regional Forecast Map
Disticts Tan Ky, Yen Ti, Yen Thanh, Dien Chau,
Do Luong, Ahn Son
GIS Generates Value Added Information
Nghe Province
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Weather Geography
When to transplant?
When to plant?

• Assist in analyzing the influence of a parameter
  (rainfall) over an element in a geographical area
  with respect to period
• Especially use weather information's for Decision
  making purposes during various cropping stages.
• Ploughing
• Seedling
• Transplanting
• Harvesting

Successful WMP !
When to store water?
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Hazard Thresholds

• What is the threshold value of rainfall in a
  geographic area to trigger an impact (hazard)?

• Heavy Rainfall?
• Rainfall amount which can cause impacts for
  society
• (Ex 300mm/day or 200mm.hr)

What is threshold?

• Heavy Rainfall can cause?
• Flood..

What it cause and Where?

• Flood can affect?
• Livelihood..
• Infrastructure
• Agriculture
• Etc.,

What is Impact?
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Paddy field Case
Hypothetical Scenario
What?
200mm rainfall
Sukothai and Nakon Ratchasima Province
Where?
When?
25 November 2009
Hazard functions More than 150mm in 24hours in
November month on a paddy field creates flooding
in the field and huge crop damage.

• Impacts
• Flooding in paddy field
• Crop damage
• Economic loss High (because it is at harvesting
  stage)

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Uttaradit Landslide Case
Hypothetical Scenario
Hazard functions More than 150mm rainfall may
trigger Landslides in the Hazard Zones.
Rainfall forecast
Rainfall Alert level
0-50 No risk
50-100 Ready
100-150 Alert
150-300 Evacuate

• Impacts
• Building collapse
• Human Causalities
• Affects vegetation pattern

What?
200mm rainfall
Uttaradit Province
Where?
When?
25 November 2009
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Drainage Case Study
Hypothetical Scenario
Hazard functions More than 200mm in 3hours in
Bangkok areas which has elevation less than 2m
from MSL and creates Flood in roads

• Impacts
• Drainage problem
• Flooding
• Traffic

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Potential Impact?

• Collateral Hazards Flooding, Landslide.
• What kind of Impact?
• Human affected
• Building damages
• Crop damages
• Livestock affected
• Livelihood activities stopped
• Transportation routes blocked
• Drainage pipes
• Health Issues

Sectors Infrastructure Agriculture Socio
Economic Water Resource Transportation
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Elements at Risk?

• Identifying the elements exposed (not Vulnerable)
  in the Hazard Zone, which is likely to have an
  impacts for a disaster event

Elements Description
Population No. of people (Age group)
Households No. of houses (Brick, Thatched, Wood)
Livestock No. of live stocks (cows, chicken, goat)
Agriculture Area of crops (paddy, Groundnut, Sugarcane)
Community Places Schools, Colleges, Community Halls etc.,
Critical Infrastructure Airports, Mines, Gas station, etc.,
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How Decision Makers use Information?

• Identify thresholds for your region
• Check forecast for your location and translate
  into easily understandable form

1. People in villages ____ Stay Alert
2. People in villages_____ Evacuate to High Ground
3. Stored Water in parcels has to be released in 24
   hours in order to avoid flooding the next day,
   which may affect crops
4. People who wish to travel through this road
   ___should avoid, because there are likely chances
   of flooding in the river near the road.
5. Schools___ in this area will be closed.

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Weather and Exposure..
Tropical cyclone AILA-09

• Warnings included with risk index for population,
  landmarks, land cover, and utility
  infrastructure.

Source NOAA,GDACS
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Weather and Exposure..
Affected Population Up to 24.35 million people
can be affected by wind speeds of tropical storm
strength or above. Affected Country (provinces)
(population) Bangladesh (Khulna) (31312853),
Bangladesh (Rajshahi) (29285383), India (Bihar)
(91443350), India (West Bengal) (58245559).
Source NOAA,GDACS
Affected Cities
Affected Critical Infrastructures No nuclear
plants affected No airports affected No ports
affected No dams affected
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Weather Plot

• Rainfall
• Temperature
• Wind speed
• Mean Sea Level
• Wind Direction
• Ground Potential Height

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Forecast Verification
Observation Forecast Comparison
Grid Analysis
Accuracy
Day3Forecast Day2Forecast Day1Forecast
0.79 0.79 0.79
Probability of detection
Day3Forecast Day2Forecast Day1Forecast
0.80 0.78 0.78
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TRMM Rainfall Database

• TRMM Database Development from 1999 to 2009 for
  East Timor

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Flood Mapping

• Flood Map of Srilanka

Flooding in Central Vietnam
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Exercise for Practice

• The first exercise is to explore about the SAVGIS
  tool. Starting the software, Map explorer,
  Display the relations, Colour Shades, Symbols,
  Map layout etc.,
• The second exercise is to import the TRMM data
  into GIS and generate rainfall surface map.
• The third exercise is to import the surface
  observatory rainfall data into GIS and generate
  rainfall surface map.
• The fourth exercise is to import the forecast
  data into GIS and plot weather forecast maps
  (rainfall, wind speed wind direction).
• The fifth exercise is to identify the threshold
  geographic area, make query in GIS to find
  elements at risk (population).

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Thank you.