What would be the best way to characterize the relationship between these two carbohydrates, and which one would you expect to be more abundant in solution? - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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What would be the best way to characterize the relationship between these two carbohydrates, and which one would you expect to be more abundant in solution?

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Title: What would be the best way to characterize the relationship between these two carbohydrates, and which one would you expect to be more abundant in solution?


1
What would be the best way to characterize the
relationship between these two carbohydrates, and
which one would you expect to be more abundant in
solution?
1
2
  1. They are epimers, and (1) would be more abundant
  2. They are epimers, and (2) would be more abundant
  3. They are anomers, and (1) would be more abundant
  4. They are anomers, and (2) would be more abundant
  5. One is a ketohexose and one is an aldohexose, and
    neither would be more abundant

2
A sample of DNA is subjected to dideoxy
sequencing as shown here. Reactions include
template DNA, primer, DNA polymerase, free
deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dATP, dGTP, dCTP,
and dTTP), and a different labeled
2,3-dideoxynucleotide analogue in each of the
parallel reactions Given these gel results, what
is the sequence of the template DNA?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
ddGTP ddATP ddTTP
ddCTP
  • No sequence can be acquired. The dideoxy
    sequencing method is missing a vital ingredient.
  • GATACGAT
  • TAGCATAG
  • CTATGCTA
  • ATCGTATC

G A T
C
3
  • Xavier Mertz, a Swiss explorer, was traveling
    with an Australian exploration team in Antarctica
    in 1913 when most of their food supplies were
    lost down a crevasse. The team turned around to
    travel 315 miles back to base camp. When the food
    supplies ran out, Mertz died of hypervitaminosis
    A because he ate which of the following
  • a. A polar bear carcass
  • b. His teammates
  • c. His own left hand
  • d. Cod liver
  • e. Sled dog liver

4
Sucrose constitutes 98-100 of the organic
content of tree sap. To transform sap into maple
syrup, 98 of the water in sap is evaporated--
thus increasing the sucrose concentration.Sucros
e, a disaccharide, has an alpha linkage between
glucose and fructose. Cellulose, a
homopolysaccharide, has beta linkages between
glucose residues. Which best explains why starch
is water soluble while cellulose is not?
cellulose
  • a) Cellulose has hydrophobic groups, while
    sucrose has hydrophilic groups.
  • b) Sucrose is smaller, which allows H2O to
    surround it more readily.
  • c) Beta linkages are chemically more stable than
    alpha linkages.
  • d) Sucrose -OH groups hydrogen bond with H2O,
    while cellulose forms inter- and intra- strand
    hydrogen bonds with itself.
  • e) Cellulose is, in fact, water soluble.

http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose
jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/HS/Journal/Issues/2007/.../p
1647.pdf
5
Which of the following bonds will be broken first
by the thermocycler in PCR amplification of DNA?
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
6
Steroids are cholesterol-based hormones with
wide-ranging effects in the body. Interestingly,
the transportation of these hormones in the blood
almost always depends on large, steroid-specific
binding globulins. Why does your body enlist the
help of these particular proteins?
A) They decrease the half-life of steroid
molecules in the blood allowing for greater
regulation. B) They increase the affinity of a
steroid for its target by cleaving specific
portions of the cholesterol backbone. C) They
deliver steroids into the cytoplasm of the cell
so that the hormone can bind to its receptor. D)
They increase the solubility of steroid hormones
in the blood. E) They attach carbonate and metal
ions such as magnesium to the steroid so that it
can pass through the polar region of the
phospholipid bilayer.
7
Which of the following is TRUE about DNA?
  • a. The sugar component of a nucleotide of DNA has
    one more OH group than the sugar component in
    RNA.
  • b. DNA polymerase adds nucleotides from 5 to 3.
  • c. The conversion of thymine to uracil involves
    deamination.
  • d. The A form is the high humidity form of DNA
    and is the structure that is normally found in
    the cell.
  • e. If two avirulent forms of virus are mixed
    together, the product must also be avirulent.

8
Sperm whales feed at depths of up to 2 miles
below sea level by waiting for squid to swim by.
In order to wait without moving, the sperm whale
adjusts its buoyancy according to the
temperatures at various depths. A helpful tidbit
is that the sperm whales head contains
approximately 4 tons of spermaceti oil which
liquefies at 37C. How can the whale adjust its
density according to depth?
  • Sperm whales lose oxygen at lower depths because
    cold water has less oxygen.
  • The oil crystallizes and its density increases at
    lower depths.
  • The whale increases body temperature at lower
    depths, vaporizing the oil.
  • Whales have an increased level of phospholipase
    B, which has higher activity at colder
    temperatures.
  • Sperm whales convert their saturated fats to
    unsaturated fats, which increases the oil
    density, at lower depths .

9
You are the head detective in a small town police
force, and you are called to investigate the
murder of Justin Bates, beloved captain of the
soccer team . You check the scene for prints and
blood, but its nearly spotless except for one
small root-less fragment of hair. Justins
ex-girlfriend Meghan is a match for the strand of
hair, but several people confirm that she was on
a fieldtrip at the time of the murder so you
begin to suspect her overprotective family.
Given Meghans pedigree, who can be eliminated as
a suspect?
Gus Margaret
  1. Margaret
  2. Lisa
  3. Jessica
  4. Eric
  5. Zach

Jane Ed Kathy Dave Lisa
John
Maggie Jessica Eric Meghan
Zach Eli
picture source www.jodomlegalvideo.com/Images/Cri
me20Scene.jpg
10
Investigators are trying to determine the
relationship between a child and its alleged
father (AF). The image below shows a paternity
test using restriction fragment length
polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of nuclear DNA.
What conclusions can be made?
  • a) The AF is definitely the father of the child.
  • b) The AF is definitely related to the child,
    although not necessarily the father.
  • c) The AF cannot be the father.
  • d) The AF cannot be excluded as a potential
    father, but the test is not fully conclusive.
  • e) No conclusions can be made. Mitochondrial DNA
    should be used to test paternity.

11
On a day like any other, in Marathon, FL, a
horrible crime occurred. A rare and priceless
dinosaur egg was stolen out of the Smiths home.
However, in the burglary the thief cut himself on
the glass display case. To complicate things the
Smiths infant son cut himself on the same broken
glass, creating two different blood samples. A
suspect has been detained and a DNA test has been
ordered of the two different blood samples found
on the display case (labeled samples A and B)
and of the son and the suspect. However, to
complicate things even more, the crime lab was
only able to investigate a single loci in their
testing due to a lack of government funding. Can
the suspect be tied to the theft?
Ladder
Blood A
Blood B
Son
Suspect
  1. Yes, he is guilty!
  2. No, he is innocent!
  3. The evidence is inconclusive.
  4. The testing needs to be repeated with more
    probes.
  5. The DNA of the suspect is contaminated.

12
There is a crisis in the biochemistry department
at Colby College. The cell incubator has been
found open twice in a matter of weeks and
hundreds of dollars of cells have been killed.
Prof. Rice is outraged and direly wishes to find
the culprit. However, the only evidence is a
single glove presumed to have been used by
whoever opened the incubator. Fortunately, there
are traces of DNA found in the glove in the form
of skin cells. PCR-STR analysis was done on the
sample and DNA was collected from everyone in the
Chemistry Department to compare with the results.
Although Prof. Rice is mad, he still is thinking
rationally and wants to make sure they catch the
right culprit. What factor would have the
greatest influence in ensuring a correct match
between the PCR and the collected student DNA
samples?
  1. Many different restriction enzymes are used
  2. The DNA is extracted from the mitochondria of the
    cells
  3. Many different primers are used
  4. Look at a variety of coding sequences
  5. See whose hand the glove fits

13
  • An apparent strangling victim has floated up
    in Johnson Pond. The coroners lab finds blood
    under the fingernails, apparently from an attempt
    to escape from the unknown assailant. The victim
    was known to have an older sister who was jealous
    of her good looks and bright mind. More
    suspiciously, the older sister was known to have
    been in town for the weekend, and eyewitnesses
    reported the two sisters fighting the evening
    before the body was found. However, another
    suspect has been brought into the case by
    thorough, traditional police work. After running
    the PCR-STR products out on a gel (from samples
    taken from all three people involved), the
    results below were obtained
  • Lane 1 marker
  • Lane 2 Victims DNA
  • Lane 3 DNA from under the fingernails
  • Lane 4 Sisters DNA
  • Lane 5 Suspect 2 DNA
  • What can be determined
  • from these PCR products?
  1. Suspect 2 is the perpetrator.
  2. Further analysis, preferably mtDNA data, is
    needed.
  3. It is impossible to discern from DNA data.
  4. The sister is implicated.
  5. A third suspect at large is the actual
    perpetrator.

14
  • In 1996, six-year-old beauty pageant participant
    JonBenet Ramseys body was found in the basement
    of her parents Boulder, Colorado home. Police
    found traces of DNA on her body and clothing and
    compared the mitochondrial DNA found in the
    samples to JonBenets mitochondrial DNA. Because
    the DNA was not a match, investigators concluded
    that JonBenets mother and siblings were not
    guilty. What egregious mistake did the
    investigators make with this premature
    conclusion?
  • Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from the father,
    the mother may still be guilty.
  • There is no conclusive evidence that
    mitochondrial DNA indicates sibling
    relationships.
  • c) Only females inherit mitochondrial DNA from
    the mother.
  • d) Some of JonBenets siblings may have a
    different mother.
  • e) There is no such thing as mitochondrial DNA.

15
A section of DNA taken from several unnamed
Australian athletes was added to ink used to mark
all official goods (everything from caps to
socks) from the 2000 Summer Olympic Games. The
technology is used as a way to mark artwork or
one-of-a-kind sports souvenirs. To determine
whether or not an Olympic souvenir is authentic,
the DNA is extracted and PCR run using primers
made from the Australian athletes DNA. One such
primer is5-AGCTAAGCTTCGGACTTG-3
  • Which sequence will create a PCR product
    from this primer, thus proving the souvenirs
    authenticity?
  • a) 5-TCGATTCGAAGCCTGAAC-3
  • b) 5-CAAGTCCGAAGCTTAGCT-3
  • c) 5-AGCTAAGCTTCGGACTTG-3
  • d) 5-CAAGUCCGAAGCUUAGCU-3
  • e) None of these sequences will create a PCR
    product

http//www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome
/elsi/forensics.shtml
16
If a lab were sequencing a sample of DNA found at
a crime scene, which of the following molecules
would be most useful in determining the DNAs
sequence?
A
C
B
D
E
17
  • Hannah, in the prime of her wonderful teenage
    years, decides that she must be adopted (there is
    just no way she is related to the people that
    call themselves her parents). She does not want
    to tell the rents that she desires a DNA test so
    she steals a sample of her moms hair from her
    hair brush and submits it for mtDNA sequencing.
    The result shows that there is a less than 1
    difference between her hypervariable region and
    that of her mom. What, if anything, can Hannah
    conclude?
  1. These are her biological parents
  2. These are definitely not her biological parents
  3. This is definitely not her biological mother but
    could be her biological father
  4. Inconclusive-this data shows her parents are
    biologically related to her but not necessarily
    her mother and father
  5. Inconclusive- mtDNA can prove two people are
    related but does not necessarily prove they are
    unrelated.

?Hannah
? Her parents
18
  • A greedy criminal broke into the Tim Hortons in
    Waterville by punching the door window out. He
    managed to open up the cash register and steal an
    enormous amount of money. Police arrived at the
    scene after being notified by the stores alarm
    system, but the man was long gone. They collected
    these pieces of evidence
  • Surveillance camera footage which allowed police
    to visually identify the man as Winslow resident
    Rory Martin
  • Blood found on the broken glass
  • Chewing gum left on the counter by the perp so
    that he could snack on some timbits
  • The next day, the police were unable to find
    Rory for a control DNA sample. However, they
    learned that he had recently donated blood, which
    they impounded from the Red Cross blood bank.
    Additionally, police obtained DNA samples from
    two of Rorys relatives his father and brother.
  • Police were able to use this evidence to strongly
    support Rorys guilt. How?
  • Investigators conducted RFLP analysis and found
    that the pattern of bands from the blood found on
    the broken glass matched that from the Red Cross
    blood.
  • Investigators used a set of 13 primers to conduct
    PCR-STR analysis and found that the sizes of the
    short tandem repeats from the blood found on the
    glass matched those from the Red Cross blood.
  • Investigators found that both the blood on the
    broken glass and from the Red Cross were Type AB.
  • Investigators conducted mitochondrial DNA
    analysis on DNA samples from the chewing gum and
    Rorys brother, and found the base sequences to
    be identical.
  • Investigators conducted mitochondrial DNA
    analysis on DNA samples from the chewing gum and
    Rorys father, and found the base sequences to be
    identical.

19
You are attempting to characterize nuclear DNA
from a crime-related human blood sample, but you
are having trouble amplifying the necessary loci
with PCR and are running low on your sample. You
are worried that you will be unable to produce
enough DNA for your gel, but Charlie suggests
that you could instead amplify the hypervariable
region of the mitochondrial DNA and use that for
the gel. Should you listen to Charlie? Why or why
not?
  1. No, mtDNA cant be amplified with PCR.
  2. Yes, mtDNA is more plentiful than nuclear DNA.
  3. No, the length of the mtDNAs HV region does not
    vary.
  4. Yes, Charlie is a really smart guy and you trust
    him.
  5. No, mtDNA is not as robust as nuclear DNA.
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