20th Century U.S. Foreign Policy

1

2
Franklin Roosevelt (1933-1945)

• Good Neighbor Policy
• World War II
• Manhattan Project
• United Nations

3
Good Neighbor Policy

• Determined to improve relations with the nations
  of Central and South America
• Declaration favored by most nations of the
  Western Hemisphere "No state has the right to
  intervene in the internal or external affairs of
  another
• Attempt to distance the United States from
  earlier interventionist policies, such as the
  Roosevelt Corollary and military interventions in
  the region during the 1910s and 1920s.
• http//www.state.gov

4
World War II

• (1939 1945)
• International conflict principally between the
  Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan) and the
  Allied Powers (France, Britain, the U.S., the
  Soviet Union, and China.)
• Pearl Harbor
• European Invasion
• Pacific Front
• Manhattan Project

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Manhattan Project
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30 (Einstein)

• In 1939, the Nazis were rumored to be developing
  an atomic bomb.
• The United States initiated its own program under
  the Army Corps of Engineers in June 1942. America
  needed to build an atomic weapon before Germany
  or Japan did.

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United Nations

• The United Nations is central to global efforts
  to solve problems that challenge humanity.
• The United Nations works to promote respect for
  human rights, protect the environment, fight
  disease and reduce poverty. UN agencies define
  the standards for safe and efficient air travel
  and help improve telecommunications and enhance
  consumer protection.
• The United Nations leads the international
  campaigns against drug trafficking and terrorism.
  
• Throughout the world, the UN and its agencies
  assist refugees, set up programs to clear
  landmines, help expand food production and lead
  the fight against AIDS.
• http//www.un.org

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Harry S. Truman (1945-1953)

• Hiroshima/Nagasaki
• Truman Doctrine
• The State of Israel
• Marshall Plan
• Berlin Airlift
• Korean Conflict (War)
• China (no recognition)
• Creation of NATO

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Hiroshima/Nagasaki Atomic Catastrophe

• The point of total vaporization from the blast
  measured one half of a mile in diameter. Total
  destruction ranged at one mile in diameter.
  Severe blast damage carried as far as two miles
  in diameter. At two and a half miles, everything
  flammable in the area burned. The remaining area
  of the blast zone was riddled with serious blazes
  that stretched out to the final edge at a little
  over three miles in diameter.
• 66,000 people were killed and 69,000 people were
  injured by a 10 kiloton atomic explosion.
• Nagasaki's population dropped in one split-second
  from 422,000 to 383,000. 39,000 were killed, over
  25,000 were injured.
• http//www.history.com/media.do?idmf1_atomicbombi
  ngs_63actionclip (hiroshima video clip)
• http//www.buzzle.com

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Truman Doctrine

• After the catastrophe of WWII, Great Britain
  could no longer provide financial aid to the
  governments of Greece and Turkey
• President Harry S. Truman asked for 400 million
  in military and economic assistance for Greece
  and Turkey and established a doctrine, aptly
  characterized the Truman Doctrine, that would
  guide U.S. diplomacy for the next forty years.
  President Truman declared, "It must be the policy
  of the United States to support free peoples who
  are resisting attempted subjugation by armed
  minorities or by outside pressures."
• Truman Doctrine signaled America's post war
  embrace of global leadership and ended its
  longstanding policy of isolationism.
• http//www.trumanlibrary.org

10
Marshall Plan

• The primary plan of the United States for
  rebuilding and creating a stronger foundation for
  the allied countries of Europe, and repelling
  communism after World War II.
• Give to stop the spread of communism

11
Creation of Israel

• DECEMBER 1917 British conquest of Palestine
• APRIL 1920 British Mandate over Palestine issued
  
• NOVEMBER 1947United Nations votes to partition
  Palestine into independent Jewish and Arab states
  
• MAY 1947
• Creation of the State of Israel U.S. and Soviet
  Union extend recognition Creation of Israel
  Defense Forces
• www.adl.org

12
Berlin Airlift

• The city of Berlin, although located in the
  eastern Soviet half, was also divided into four
  sectors --West Berlin occupied by Allied
  interests and East Berlin occupied by Soviets. In
  June 1948, the Soviet Union attempted to control
  all of Berlin by cutting surface traffic to and
  from the city of West Berlin. Starving out the
  population and cutting off their business was
  their method of gaining control. The Truman
  administration reacted with a continual daily
  airlift which brought much needed food and
  supplies into the city of West Berlin. This
  Airbridge to Berlin lasted until the end of
  September of 1949---although on May 12, 1949, the
  Soviet government yielded and lifted the
  blockade.
• www.tumanlibrary.org

13
Chinese Revolution (1949)

• China became communist and the nationalists fled
  to Taiwan.
• Truman did NOT recognize The Peoples Republic of
  China because it was COMMUNIST

14
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization

• Establishes a system of collective security
  whereby its member states agree to mutual defense
  in response to an attack by any external party.
• http//www.nato.int/

15
Dwight Eisenhower (1953-1961)

• Korean Conflict
• USSR Arms Race
• Hydrogen Bomb

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Korean War

• Conflict to stop the spread of communism
• 1951-1953
• Stalemate (No change)
• War between China (North Korea) and the United
  States (South Korea)

17
Arms Race

• Competition between USA and USSR to build the
  most nuclear weapons (Atomic, Hydrogen, etc.

18
Hydrogen Bomb
19
John F. Kennedy (1961-1963)

• Bay of Pigs Invasion
• Cuban Missile Crisis
• Vietnam

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Bay of Pigs Invasion

• In 1961, the United States launched an attack on
  Cuba meant to overthrow Castro's government. 
• Though the aid and training given to the Cuban
  exiles was substantial, they suffered total
  defeat and created a humiliating situation for
  the United States. 
• In the end, the attack only increased Cubans'
  support of Fidel Castro.
• historyofcuba.com

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Cuban Missile Crisis

• Almost World War III
• 13 Days

22
Vietnam

• In May 1961, President Kennedy sent 500 more
  American advisers to Vietnam, bringing American
  forces to 1,400 men.
• The leader of South Vietnam, Diem, attacked
  Buddhist communities, etc.
• Kennedy agreed for the CIA to assist in a South
  Vietnamese army coup against Diem.
• On November 2, 1963, Diem was assassinated.
• jfklibrary.org

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Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969)

• Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
• Vietnam War

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Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

• Started the Vietnam War
• Johnson said that North Vietnamese attacked US
  planes
• He lied to escalate the conflict into a war
• To justify a defensive war

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Vietnam War

• 1965-1973
• Only War US Lost
• Did not stop the spread of communism

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Richard Nixon (1969-1974)
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• Vietnam
• Chinese recognition
• SALT
• Vietnamization
• Laos/Cambodia
• Indo-Pakistan War
• Détente

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Vietnamization

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Détente

• Arms limitation, relative security, linkage of
  issues, building block approach
• Kissinger (Secretary of State) believed "peace
  was not a universal realization of one nation's
  desires, but a general acceptance of a concept of
  international order."wikipedia.org

29
Indo-Pakistan War of 1971

• India V. Pakistan over what is now Bangladesh
• US backed Pakistan (hoping to keep USSR out of
  the region)
• The war ended in a crushing defeat for the
  Pakistani military in just a fortnight.
• US backed Pakistan because of the fear of USSR
• France/Britain supported India and Bangladesh
  rebels

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Gerald Ford (1974-1977)

• Fall of Saigon (Vietnam)
• End of Vietnam War
• Helsinki Accords

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pardons Nixon)
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Helsinki Accords
Representatives of thirty-five nations gathered
in Helsinki, Finland, in 1975 for a Conference on
Security and Cooperation in Europe. The Final Act
of the Conference, known as the Helsinki Accords,
sets forth a number of basic human rights "The
participating States will respect human rights
and fundamental freedoms, including the freedom
of thought, conscience, religion or belief, for
all without distinction as to race, sex,
language, or religion. "They will promote and
encourage the effective exercise of civil,
political, economic, social, cultural, and other
rights and freedoms all of which derive from the
inherent dignity of the human person and are
essential for his free and full development.
"Within this framework the participating States
will recognize and respect the freedom of the
individual to profess and practice, alone or in
community with others, religion or belief acting
in accordance with the dictates of his own
conscience. "The participating States on whose
territory national minorities exist will respect
the right of persons belonging to such minorities
to equality before the law, will afford them the
full opportunity for the actual enjoyment of
human rights and fundamental freedoms and will,
in this manner, protect their legitimate
interests in this sphere. "The participating
States recognize the universal significance of
human rights and fundamental freedoms, respect
for which is an essential factor for the peace,
justice and well-being necessary to ensure the
development of friendly relations and
co-operation among themselves as among all
States."
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Fall of Saigon

• The fall of the city was preceded by the
  evacuation or flight of almost all the Americans
  in Saigon, along with tens of thousands of South
  Vietnamese. The evacuation culminated in
  Operation Frequent Wind, the largest helicopter
  evacuation in history.

33
SALT

• Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
• SALT I, the first series of Strategic Arms
  Limitation Talks, extended from November 1969 to
  May 1972

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Jimmy Carter (1977-1981)

• Arab-Israeli Conflict
• Camp David Accords
• SALT II
• Afghanistan
• Iranian Hostage Crisis

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Camp David Accords

• Egypt, Israel and United States negotiate a
  cease-fire peace treaty for the Middle East
• Three parts.
• Framework for negotiations to establish an
  autonomous self-governing authority in the West
  Bank and the Gaza strip and to fully implement SC
  242.
• The second agreement outlined a basis for the
  peace treaty 6 months later, in particular
  deciding the future of the Sinai peninsula.
  Israel agreed to withdraw its armed forces from
  the Sinai, evacuate its 4,500 civilian
  inhabitants, and restore it to Egypt in return
  for normal diplomatic relations with Egypt,
  guarantees of freedom of passage through the Suez
  Canal and other nearby waterways (such as the
  Straits of Tiran), and a restriction on the
  forces Egypt could place on the Sinai peninsula,
  especially within 20-40 km from Israel. Israel
  also agreed to limit its forces a smaller
  distance (3 km) from the Egyptian border, and to
  guarantee free passage between Egypt and Jordan.
• The agreement also resulted in the United States
  committing to several billion dollars worth of
  annual subsidies to the governments of both
  Israel and Egypt, subsidies which continue to
  this day.

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AFGHANISTAN WAR 197892, conflict between
anti-Communist Muslim Afghan guerrillas
(mujahidin) and Afghan government and Soviet
forces. The conflict had its origins in the 1978
coup that overthrew Afghan president Sardar
Muhammad Daud Khan, who had come to power by
ousting the king in 1973. The president was
assassinated and a pro-Soviet Communist
government under Noor Mohammed Taraki was
established. In 1979 another coup, which brought
Hafizullah Amin to power, provoked an invasion
(Dec., 1979) by Soviet forces and the
installation of Babrak Karmal as president. The
Soviet invasion, which sparked Afghan resistance,
intially involved an estimated 30,000 troops, a
force that ultimately grew to 100,000. The
mujahidin were supported by aid from the United
States, China, and Saudi Arabia, channeled
through Pakistan, and from Iran. Although the
USSR had superior weapons and complete air
control, the rebels successfully eluded them. The
conflict largely settled into a stalemate, with
Soviet and government forces controlling the
urban areas, and the Afghan guerrillas operating
fairly freely in mountainous rural regions. As
the war progressed, the rebels improved their
organization and tactics and began using imported
and captured weapons, including U.S. antiaircraft
missiles, to neutralize the technological
advantages of the USSR. In 1986, Karmal resigned
and Mohammad Najibullah became h ead of a
collective leadership. In Feb., 1988, President
Mikhail Gorbachev announced the withdrawal of
USSR troops, which was completed one year later.
Soviet citizens had become increasingly
discontented with the war, which dragged on
without success but with continuing casualties.
In the spring of 1992, Najibullah's government
collapsed and, after 14 years of rule by the
People's Democratic party, Kabul fell to a
coalition of mujahidin under the military
leadership of Ahmed Shah Massoud. The war left
Afghanistan with severe political, economic, and
ecological problems. More than 1 million Afghans
died in the war and 5 million became refugees in
neighboring countries. In addition, 15,000 Soviet
soldiers were killed and 37,000 wounded. Economic
production was drastically curtailed, and much of
the land laid waste. At the end of the war more
than 5 million mines saturated approximately 2
of the country, where they will pose a threat to
human and animal life well into the 21st cent.
The disparate guerrilla forces that had triumphed
proved unable to unite, and Afghanistan became
divided into spheres of control. These political
divisions set the stage for the rise of the
Taliban later in the decade.
Aided Afghanistan in liberation from USSR CIA
provided training and support to rebel fighters
(Osama, etc.)
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SALT II

38
Iranian Hostage Crisis

• On November 4, 1979, Iranian militants stormed
  the United States Embassy in Tehran and took
  approximately 70 Americans captive.
• This terrorist act triggered the most profound
  crisis of the Carter presidency and began a
  personal ordeal for Jimmy Carter and the American
  people that lasted 444 days.
• Reasons
• 1. The U.S. allowed the past Shah to come to
  America for cancer treatment
• The exiled Ayatollah Khomeini returned to Tehran
  in February 1979 and whipped popular discontent
  into rabid anti-Americanism.
• Iranian militants to attack the U.S. On November
  4, the American Embassy in Tehran was overrun and
  its employees taken captive.
• jimmycarterlibrary.org

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Ronald Reagan (1981-1989)

• Arms Race
• Glasnost
• SDI
• Iran-Contra Affair
• End of Cold War
• Fall of Berlin Wall

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Arms Race

After SALT and SALT II, the United States
returned to rearmament and tried to restart the
arms race through the production of new weapons
and anti-weapons systems. The central part of
this strategy was the Strategic Defense
Initiative, a space based anti-ballistic missile
system derided as "Star Wars" by its critics.
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Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)

• SDIs focus was to use ground-based and
  space-based systems to protect the United States
  from attack by strategic nuclear ballistic
  missiles.
• An early focus of the project was to be a curtain
  of X-ray lasers powered by nuclear explosions.
  The curtain was to be deployed, first by a series
  of missiles launched from submarines during the
  critical seconds following a Soviet attack, then
  later by satellites and powered by nuclear
  warheads built into the satellites
• In theory, the energy from the warhead detonation
  was to pump a series of laser emitters in the
  missiles or satellites and produce an
  impenetrable barrier to incoming warheads.

42
Glasnost

• A Russian word for "transparency" or "openness."
  Mikhail Gorbachev used the term to describe a
  program of reform introduced to the Soviet Union
  in 1985 whose goals included combating corruption
  and the abuse of privilege by the political
  classes. In the broadest sense, it aimed to
  liberalize freedom of the press gradually, and to
  allow for freedom of dissent.

43
Iran-Contra Affair

• Illegally sell arms to Iran,an avowed enemy, and
  used the proceeds to fund, also illegally, the
  Contras, a right-wing guerrilla organization in
  Nicaragua.
• After the arms sales were revealed in November
  1986, President Ronald Reagan appeared on
  national television and denied that they had
  occurred. However, a week later, he returned to
  the airwaves to affirm that weapons were indeed
  transferred to Iran. He denied that they were
  part of an exchange for hostages.

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46
Fall of Berlin Wall
47
End of Cold War
On the 9th of November, 1989, the Border
separating Western from Eastern Germany was
effectively opened
The Fall of the Berlin Wall will always be used
as a symbol for the end of the Cold War
48
George H.W. Bush (1989-1993)

• Invasion of Panama
• Persian Gulf War
• Soviet Union Break-up
• NAFTA

49
Invasion of Panama

• Bush Speech, 1989
• 1. Safeguarding the lives of U.S. citizens in
  Panama. In his statement, Bush claimed that
  Noriega had declared that a state of war existed
  between the United States and Panama and that he
  also threatened the lives of the approximately
  35,000 Americans living there. There had been
  numerous clashes between U.S. and Panamanian
  forces one American had been killed a few days
  earlier and several incidents of harassment of
  Americans had taken place.
• 2. Defending democracy and human rights in
  Panama. Earlier that year Noriega had nullified
  presidential elections that had been won by
  candidates from opposition parties.
• 3. Combating drug trafficking. Panama had become
  a center for drug money laundering and a transit
  point for drug trafficking to the United States
  and Europe. Noriega had been singled out for
  direct involvement in these drug trafficking
  operations.
• 4. Protecting the integrity of the Torrijos-Carte
  Treaties. Members of Congress and others in the
  U.S. political establishment claimed that Noriega
  threatened the neutrality of the Panama Canal and
  that the United States had the right under the
  treaties to intervene militarily to protect the
  canal.

50
Persian Gulf War

• (August 1990February 1991)
• A conflict between Iraq and a coalition force of
  approximately 30 nations led by the United States
  and mandated by the United Nations in order to
  liberate Kuwait.

51
Soviet Break-up
52
NAFTA

• North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement

53
William Jefferson Clinton (1993-2001)

• Rwanda
• Somalia
• Bosnia/Kosovo
• Haiti
• Palestine/Israel
• North Korea
• Cuban Refugee policy
• Osama Bin Laden (WTC)

54
African Issues

• Somalia/Rwanda

55
Former Yugoslavia
56

57
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58
Cuban Refugee Policy

• 1995 now supports Fidel Castros initial policy

59
World Trade Center (Osama)

• February 26, 1993
• A car bomb was detonated by Middle Eastern
  terrorists in the underground parking garage
  below Tower One of the World Trade Center in New
  York City.
• The 1,500-lb (680Kg) urea nitrate-fuel oil
  device killed six and injured 1,042 people. It
  was intended to devastate the foundation of the
  North Tower, causing it to collapse onto its
  twin.
• The attack was planned by a group of
  conspirators. They received financing from an
  al-Qaeda member Khaled Shaikh Mohammed, one of
  the conspirators uncle.

60
George W. Bush (2001-2009)

• 9/11
• Afghanistan
• Iraq
• North Korea
• Axis of Evil (5)

61
September 11, 2001
62
War on Terror
63
2002 State of the Union Address
Our goal is to prevent regimes that sponsor
terror from threatening America or our friends
and allies with weapons of mass destruction. Some
of these regimes have been pretty quiet since
September the 11th. But we know their true
nature. North Korea is a regime arming with
missiles and weapons of mass destruction, while
starving its citizens. Iran aggressively pursues
these weapons and exports terror, while an
unelected few repress the Iranian people's hope
for freedom. Iraq continues to flaunt its
hostility toward America and to support terror.
The Iraqi regime has plotted to develop anthrax,
and nerve gas, and nuclear weapons for over a
decade. This is a regime that has already used
poison gas to murder thousands of its own
citizensleaving the bodies of mothers huddled
over their dead children. This is a regime that
agreed to international inspectionsthen kicked
out the inspectors. This is a regime that has
something to hide from the civilized
world. States like these, and their terrorist
allies, constitute an axis of evil, arming to
threaten the peace of the world. By seeking
weapons of mass destruction, these regimes pose a
grave and growing danger. They could provide
these arms to terrorists, giving them the means
to match their hatred. They could attack our
allies or attempt to blackmail the United States.
In any of these cases, the price of indifference
would be catastrophic. George W. Bush, 2002
State of the Union Address
64
Axis of Evil ??
65
President Obama (2009 - present)

• Osama Bin Laden
• End War in Iraq
• End War in Afghanistan
• N.Korea
• Iran sanctions

66
Osama Bin Laden
67
U.S. formally declares end of Iraq War

• BAGHDAD The war in Iraq ended officially
  Thursday with a flag-lowering ceremony in which
  Defense Secretary Leon Panetta said a free,
  democratic Iraq was worth the sacrifice in
  American lives.
• "The cost was high in blood and treasure for
  the United States and also for the Iraqi people,"
  Panetta said. "But those lives have not been lost
  in vain."

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War in Afghanistan