SCIENCE ADMINISTRATION

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SCIENCE ADMINISTRATION LECTURE 29 ONTOLOGY
PARADIGMS OF SCIENCE ILLUSTRATIONS CENTER FOR
NEUROMORPHIC ENGINEERING INTEGRATED MULTI-MEDIA
SYSTEMS CENTER AND VON NEUMAN COMPUTER
ARCHITECTURE FREDERICK BETZ PORTLAND STATE
UNIVERSITY
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SCIENCE ADMINISTRATION RESEARCH PROGRAM
ADMINISTRATION RESEARCH PROJECT MANAGEMENT

• RESEARCH PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION
• SELECT RESEARCH PROJECTS
• OVERSEE RESEARCH PROJECTS
• RUN PEER REVIEW PANELS
• UNDERSTAND SCIENCE TO INTERPRET PEER REVIEWS
• RESEARCH BUDGETS
• RESEARCH PORTFOLIO STRATEGY
• RESEARCH PROGRAM REVIEWS
• REVISE RESEARCH PROGRAM STRATEGY
• FACILITATE INDUSTRY TO UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGY
  TRANSFER

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PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE ADMINISTRATION
PROCESS OF STATE OF KNOWLEDGE KNOWLEDGE
TECHNICAL SCIENTIFIC
SCIENTIFIC OPERATIONS METHOD
PARADIGMS (EPISTEMOLOGY) (ONTOLOGY)
MANAGEMENT SCIENCE
SCIENCE OPERATIONS ADMINISTRATION
APPLICATION (ORGANIZATION) (TECHNOLOGY)
SCIENCE ADMINISTRATORS MUST UNDERSTAND SCIENCE
WITHOUT BECOMING EXPERTS IN A SCIENTIFIC
FIELD. THE WAY TO DO THIS IS THROUGH
UNDERSTANDING SCIENTIFIC PARADIGMS INTELLECTUAL
FRAMEWORKS OF SCIENCE.
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PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE ADMINISTRATION Techniques
PEER REVIEW OF RESEARCH
RESEARCH STRATEGY
SCIENTIFIC PARADIGMS
SCIENTIFIC SCIENTIFIC
METHOD REPRESENTATION (EPISTEMOLOGY)
(ONTOLOGY) SCIENCE
SCIENCE ADMINISTRATION APPLICATION (ORGANI
ZATION) (TECHNOLOGY)
RESEARCH OVERSIGHT
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
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The idea of peer review of research quality and
scientific progress is that the peers of a
scientist in the same discipline of the research
can best judge the quality of the research.
This is the cultural standard that science has
used in its history of scientific progress.
Physicists judge progress in physics research.
Chemists judge progress in chemical research.
Biologists judge progress in biological research,
and so on. The basic reason why this cultural
standard works is the peer reviews share a depth
in understanding the ontology (content) of the
scientific research. Scientific peers share this
depth of understanding because all scientists
within a discipline share a meta-theoretical view
of the scientific contents. To understand how to
effectively use peer review as a technique in
judging the quality of a research proposal and
the quality of scientific progress, we must
understand this idea of scientific paradigms--
as the meta-theoretical framework for theory
construction in science.
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Scientific Paradigms The idea of a scientific
'paradigm' is an important idea in describing the
content of science. A paradigm does not
describe the detail of research at the cutting
edge of disciplinary specialties. Instead it
does describe the intellectual frameworks within
which the scientists see nature and describe and
explain nature. A paradigm is a kind of
'meta-theory' to the theories of a scientific
discipline. This term paradigm was introduced
by Thomas Kuhn to emphasize that any scientific
discipline has an intellectual framework in which
scientific theories are constructed, a paradigm
of the discipline (Kuhn, 1996).
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Thomas Kuhn (1922-1996) was born in Ohio, USA.
In 1943, he received a bachelor's degree from
Harvard University and then a PhD in 1949 in
physics. From 1948 to 1956, he taught a history
of science course at Harvard. IN 1957, he went
to the University of California at Berkeley to
join there both the philosophy department and
history department. In 1964, Kuhn moved to
Princeton University and then to MIT in 1991. In
1962, Kuhn had published his seminal book in the
sociology of science, The Structure of Scientific
Revolutions. This book had a major impact upon
sociologists, arguing that scientific consensus
in a community was not always easily nor smoothly
attained -- but depended upon how big an
intellectual leap was being conceptually proposed
as 'progress in science'. Kuhn argued that
science does not always progress by a steady
accumulation of knowledge but sometimes makes
large conceptual leaps in the forms of a paradigm
shift.
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As examples, Kuhn used two paradigm shifts in
physics in the beginning of the twentieth
century (1) from Newtonian physics to special
relativity and (2) from classical mechanics to
quantum mechanics. Both shifts, he argued were
accepted within the physics community of the time
as kinds of 'generational changes', with younger
scientists more easily making the intellectual
change than many older scientists of the time.
But Kuhn did not elaborate upon the different
kinds of paradigms that are used in science.
Later building upon Kuhn's idea of a paradigm
as a kind of intellectual framework for theory
construction, I proposed that there are several
general paradigms that are used in science
mechanism, function, logic and language. (Betz,
2003)
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ILLUSTRATION Engineering Research Center
in Neuromorphic Engineering As an illustration
of how ideas of scientific content influence
research strategy is the Center for Neuromorphic
Systems Engineering (CNSE) at California
Institute for Technology (Cal Tech) in Pasadena,
California, USA. The research program covers
the interaction between biological understanding
of nature and application of such knowledge to
inventing new electronic technologies. The
research strategy of the ERC is to create new
electronics for perception based upon biological
models " Vision. Olfaction. Hearing. Touch.
Learning. Decision making. Pattern recognition --
these are all things that even simple biological
organisms perform far better and more efficiently
than the fastest digital computers. The
scientists and engineers at CNSE are working to
translate our understanding of biologic systems
into a new class of electronic devices that
imitate the ways animals sense and make sense of
the world." (http/www/cnse.caltech.edu, 2007)
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SCHEMATIC OF THE MIND FROM PERCEPTION TO LANGUAGE
MIND
PHYSIOLOGY OF PERCEPTION
HIGHER-LEVEL COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING
TERRA INCOGNITA
PERCEPTION
REASONING
SENSING FUNCTION
LINGUISTIC FUNCTION
That research vision began in the early 1990s,
when the Center was proposed by Carver Mead for
funding by the U.S. National Science Foundation.
Mead's idea was to make electronic sensing and
control systems that mimicked how nature
performed certain functions.
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Carver Mead was born in 1934 in California, USA.
In 1956, Mead obtained a bachelors degree from
Caltech and a PhD degree in 1960 in electrical
engineering. He began as an Instructor in
Electrical Engineering in Caltech in 1958 and
became an assistant professor in 1959 advancing
to full professor in 1967. In 1980, Carver
Mead with Lynn Conway wrote a pioneering text,
Introduction to VLSI Systems, which has been used
to train generations of electrical engineers in
designing semiconductor integrated circuits.
Also Mead invented a new transistor,GaAS
MESFET, which is used in wireless electronics.
He then turned to studying how animal brains
compute and created the idea of an electronics
approach to draw lessons from biological neural
system processes, which he called Neuromorphic
Engineering. In 1999, he founded a new company,
Foveon Inc, which produced a digital camera with
image sensors in silicon to capture three pixel
colors (instead of only one in previous
technologies).
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In 2007, the research areas in the Center are
Biology, Learning and Algorithms, MEMS, Optics,
Robotics, Sensors. For example, one project in
the Biology group in 2007 by Rajan Bhattacharyya,
Richard Andersen is research in the Parietal
Reach Region of the brain "Technological
developments in the past decade have accelerated
the pace of research in brain computer
interfaces. Multiple research groups across the
country are pursuing this area of research as a
possible solution to spinal cord injury. (We)
specialize in studying brain areas in the
parietal cortex, which is associated with vision
and motor planning, and in particular the
Parietal Reach Region (PRR) which encodes the
plan for the next intended reach movement, which
is markedly different than the approach taken by
other research groups which are using the motor
cortex as the source of control signal."
(http/www/cnse.caltech.edu, 2007)
What we see in this example of a new engineering
field of Neuromorphic engineering that there was
a shift in perspective about the observation and
manipulation of nature -- a paradigm shift --
integrating biology and electronics.
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SCIENTIFIC PARADIGMS OF MECHANISM SYSTEMS
SCIENTIFIC PARADIGMS OF FUNCTION AND LANGUAGE
SCHEMATIC OF THE MIND FROM PERCEPTION TO LANGUAGE
MIND
PHYSIOLOGY OF PERCEPTION
HIGHER-LEVEL COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING
TERRA INCOGNITA
PERCEPTION
REASONING
SENSING FUNCTION
LINGUISTIC FUNCTION
CAL TECH ERC FOR NEUROMORPHIC SYSTEMS
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Following upon the idea of several paradigms, we
can now identify a taxonomy of four key paradigms
used in the different disciplines of science
mechanism, function, logic, and systems.
Such a taxonomy can be constructed from two
philosophical dichotomies about nature (1)
matter mind and (2) environment organism.
Think logically about the dichotomy of matter
mind. Everything in the world is
philosophically composed of matter or not. What
is not-matter, non-material, is an idea! So all
things in nature must exist either as material
phenomena or as ideational phenomena.
Ideational phenomena are properties of a mind.
Minds think ideas. Minds are a part of nature,
as is matter. People have both brains
(material) and minds (ideas). This everything in
nature can be thought of in intellectual
frameworks that are either material or idea,
matter or mind.
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Now a second important set of ideas about the
frameworks of science is the dichotomy of world
and self. This is a humanistic
individual-centric view of everything. From the
perspective of an individual person, all totality
of the world can be seen as in reference to the
self or in reference to every thing else in the
world. The reason this is an important
philosophical dichotomy human 'consciousness
a human awareness of the world is purely an
individual thing. All consciousness in the
world belongs to individuals. There is no such
thing as a general 'consciousness' in the world
in science. In science, only individual minds
are conscious, whether the mind is that of a
person or an animal. Remember we are talking
here about science and not about
religion. Self World is a scientific
dichotomy on mind and not a religious
dichotomy, In science, human minds are
individual things. And the dichotomy of self
world covers everything in the scientific
universe about the human perception of the
universe.
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FOUR PARADIGMS IN SCIENCE
WORLD SELF
MECHANISM FUNCTION SYSTEMS
LOGIC
MATTER MIND
Mechanism is an scientific framework (paradigm)
for describing objects in the world as
material. Systems is a scientific framework
(paradigm) for describing objects in the world as
an mental. Function is a scientific framework
(paradigm) for describing objects in the self as
material. Logic is a scientific framework
(paradigm) for describing objects in the self as
an mental.
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ILLUSTRATION -- UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA INTEGRATED MULTI-MEDIA SYSTEMS
CENTER Under the leadership of founding director
C. L. Max Nikias - now USC's Provost and Senior
Vice President for Academic Affairs - the
Integrated Media Systems Center (IMSC) was
established in 1996 through a competitive process
resulting in an 11-year, US 32 million grant
from the National Science Foundation. The only
NSF center of excellence in multimedia and the
Internet, IMSC carries out a pioneering,
cross-disciplinary program of research,
education, outreach, industry collaboration and
technology transfer. Over the past decade, IMSC
has become a worldwide leader within this
burgeoning field. In its first five years alone,
IMSC attracted more than US50 million in
additional funding from government, industry and
academe, and is leading the way in advancing the
software and hardware framework to create
immersive environments in which people can
interact, communicate and collaborate naturally
in a shared virtual space.
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SOME RESEARCH AREAS IN IMSC 3D Modeling 3D Hand
and Fingers Reconstruction Animation of
Cloth-like Objects in Virtual Reality Binocular
and Multiple View Stereo Using Tensor
Voting Data-Driven Face Modeling and
Animation Digital Geometry Processing ESP -
Expression Synthesis Project Facial Expression
Analysis and Synthesis Hair Modeling and
Animation Model-Based Face Computation Audio --
Immersive Audio Rendering Algorithms and Virtual
Microphones Augmented Reality/Virtual Reality --
Augmented Virtual Environments Data Management
-- Geospatial Data Integration Haptics (Virtual
Touch) Interacctive Education BioSIGHT Content
and Interaction BioSIGHT Interactive Streaming
Storyboard Music Processing Content-based
Representations, Indexing and Retrieval of
Music Giving Ragas the Time of Day Pitch
Structures in North Indian Classical Music MuSA
Music Information Processing MuSA.RT Palestrina
Pal A Grammar Checker for Music Compositions in
the Style of Palestrina PST - Pitch Spelling
Technology VoSA - Voice Separation
Analyzer Speech Automatic Recognition of
Emotions from the Acoustic Speech
Signal Compression for Speech Recognition and
Music Classification Expressive Speech Synthesis
and Modeling Hierarchical Speech
Recognition Implicit Pronunciation Modeling for
Speech Recognition Using Syllable-Centric
Models On-Line Speaker Indexing
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SCIENTIFIC PARADIGMS OF MECHANISM SYSTEMS
SCIENTIFIC PARADIGMS OF FUNCTION AND LANGUAGE
SCHEMATIC OF THE MIND FROM PERCEPTION TO LANGUAGE
MIND
PHYSIOLOGY OF PERCEPTION
HIGHER-LEVEL COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING
TERRA INCOGNITA
PERCEPTION
REASONING
SENSING FUNCTION
LINGUISTIC FUNCTION
CAL TECH ERC FOR NEUROMORPHIC SYSTEMS
USC ERC FOR MULTI-MEDIA SYSTEMS
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FOUR PARADIGMS IN SCIENCE
WORLD SELF
MECHANISM FUNCTION SYSTEMS
LOGIC
MATTER MIND
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• ILLUSTRATION Von Neumann Architecture as a
  paradigm of Logic
• We can see how logic played a key role in
  designing the architecture of the first computers
  as the famous Von Neumann architecture.
• The computer architecture of the first stored
  program computer ran computation as cycles of
  logical steps
• Initiate the program
• Fetch the first instruction from main memory to
  the program register
• Read the instruction and set the appropriate
  control signals for the various internal units of
  the computer to execute the instruction
• Fetch the data to be operated upon by the
  instruction from main memory to the data
  register
• Execute the first instruction upon the data and
  store the results in a storage register
• Fetch the second instruction from the main memory
  the program register
• Read the instruction and set the appropriate
  control signals for the various internal units of
  the computer to execute the instruction
• Execute the second instruction upon the recently
  processed data whose result is in the storage
  register and store the new result in the storage
  register
• Proceed to fetch, read, set and execute the
  sequence of program instructions, storing the
  most recent result in the storage register until
  the complete program has been executed
• Transfer the final calculated result from the
  storage register to the main memory and/or to the
  output of the computer.

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The Von Neumann computer architecture is a logic
for conducting calculations -- the logic of a
Turing machine. Any mathematical calculation
can be expressed as a sequence of ordered
algorithmic steps that transformed initial data
into calculated results. In this case we see
that logic is a structuring idea a meta-theory
a logic -- a paradigmatic idea for computers.
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SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINES PARADIGM
USE MATHEMATICS LOGIC PHYSICS AND
CHEMISTRY MECHANISM SYSTEMS BIOLOGY MECHANISM
SYSTEMS FUNCTION SOCIOLOGY SYSTEMS
FUNCTION ECONOMICS SYSTEMS LOGIC COMPUTER
SCIENCE SYSTEMS FUNCTION LOGIC
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EXAMPLES
MATHEMATICS LANGUAGE ALGEBRA CALCULUS
GROUPS HILBERT SPACES
PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY MECHANISM
SYSTEMS NEWTONIAN MECHANICS QUANTUM
MECHANICS ATOMIC THEORY MOLECULAR
THEORY SPECIAL RELATIVITY
BIOLOGY MECHANISM SYSTEMS
FUNCTION MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EVOLUTION
THEORY
SOCIOLOGY SYSTEMS FUNCTION STRUCTUAL
FUNCTIONALISM ECONOMICS SYSTEMS
LOGIC SUPPLY DEMAND MARKET
IMPERFECTIONS COMPUTER SCIENCE SYSTEMS
FUNCTION LANGUAGE PROGRAMING
LANGUAGES OPERATING SYSTEMS
SOFTWARE APPLICATION SOFTWARE
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INFORMATION MODEL OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
UNIVERSITY
OBSERVATION INSTRUMENTS EXPERIMENT
S1
T1
NATURAL THING
SCIENTIST
SCIENCE DEPARTMENTS
DISCIPLINE
THEORY
PREDICTION MATHEMATICS
T2
S2
NATURAL THING
SCEINTIST
SCIENCE INVENTS INSTRUMENTS FOR OBSERVATION AND
EXPERIMENT. INSTRUMENTATION DEPENDS UPON SENSORY
FOCUS AND UPON SENSITIVITY. EXPERIMENTS USE
INSTRUMENTS TO OBSERVE AND ABSTRACT THE
PROPERTIES OF NATURE THROUGH CONTROLLED
EXPLORATION OF NATURE. THEORY IS THE
GENERALIZATION OF THE ABSTRACTIONS OF NATURE AS
PHENOMAL OBJECTS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS. PREDICT
ION IS A FORECAST BASED UPON A CAUSAL EXPLANATION
OF THE THEORY. SCIENTIFIC PARADIGMS ARE
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS IN WHICH THEORY IS
CONSTRUCTED.
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SCIENCE DISCIPLINES CONSTRUCT THEORY WITHIN
GENERAL FRAMEWORKS OF PARADIGMS SCIENTIFIC
META-THEORIES.
DISCIPLINE
THEORY
META-THEORY (SCIENTIFIC PARADIGM)
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Scientific meta-theories are conceptual
frameworks for structuring scientific theories
SCIENTIFIC PARADIGMS.
SCIENTIFIC META-THEORY
LOGICAL HIERARCHY
Scientific theories are specialized semantic
languages for representing observable phenomenal
fields.
SCIENTIFIC THEORY
Scientific models are representations of specific
phenomenal objects (e.g. the model of the atom)
SCIENTIFIC MODELS
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WORLD SELF
MECHANISM FUNCTION SYSTEMS
LOGIC
MATTER MIND
EXISTENCE OF PRIOR EVENT A TO EVENTS
RELATION OCCURANCE OF SUBSEQUENT EVENT
B CAUSAL RELATION NECESSARY AND
SUFFICIENT PRODUCTIVE RELATION NECESSARY AND NOT
SUFFICIENT ACCIDENTAL RELATION NOT NECESSARY AND
SUFFICIENT THEMATIC RELATION NOT NECESSARY AND
NOT SUFFCIENT
ONLY IN THE PARADIGM OF MECHANISM ARE THERE
CAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS
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PARADIGMS AND SCIENTIFIC METHODS IN SOCIAL AND
PHYSICAL SCIENCES
OBSERVATION INSTRUMETATION EXPERIMENT
PHYSICAL SCIENTIST
S1
O1
PHENOMENA
PHYSICAL DISCIPLINE
THEORY ANALYSIS
MATHEMATICS PREDICTION
S2
02
PHYSICAL SCIENTIST
O BJECT
E1
P1
PROTOTYPE PRODUCT
ENGINEER
PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT DESIGN
NEW PRODUCT INNOVATION
P2
ENGINEER
E2
LEGAL OR MEDICAL PROFESSIONAL
SOCIAL OBJECT
SOCIAL SCIENTIST
CLIENT
PERCEPTION
REFERAL
O1
C1
S1
P1
OBSERVATION
SERVICE
SOCIAL SCIENCE DISCIPLINE
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE
SOCIAL THEORY
COOPERATION OR CONFLICT
CRITIQUE
PAYMENT
O2
P2
S2
C2
PRESCRIPTION/ ACCEDENTAL/ THEMATIC
PRESCRIPTION
LEGAL OR MEDICAL PROFESSIONAL
SOCIAL SCEINTIST
SOCIAL OBJECT
CLIENT