Ling 390 - Intro to Linguistics - Winter 2005 Class 1 - Monday, January 3, 2005

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Step 1 Memorize IPA - practice quiz today - real
quiz on Tuesday (over consonants)!
Phonology is about looking for patterns and
arguing your assessment of those patterns (be
clear, orderly and logical) Course calendar may
change depending on you HW1 due Tues 1/17
practice for Quiz Quiz 1 is on Tues 1/17 Quiz 2
on Thurs 1/19
About me, you and this course. Webpage
web.pdx.edu/connjc
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Phonetics Review

• International Phonetic Alphabet
• Sound - symbol correspondence
• Transcription
• Download IPA font see class website
• Go to Peter Ladefogeds website
• http//hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistic
  s/VowelsandConsonants/

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Phonetics Review

• Transcription
• International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
• Break away from spelling
• IPA is one to one sound-symbol correspondence

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Phonetics Review

• Transcription
• Broad transcription
• Narrow transcription (uses diacritics)

English hen Broad Narrow hEn hE)n
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Phonetics Review

• Anatomy

Oro-nasal process
Phonation process
Articulatory process
The glottis the space between the vocal folds
voiced, voiceless, whisper, murmur (breathy)
Airstream process
Link for vocal fold video 1 2
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Phonetics Review

• Anatomy

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Phonetics Review

• Consonant articulation (Places of articulation)

palate (palatal)
velum (velar)
alveolar ridge
uvula (uvular)
lips (labial)
teeth (dental)
places and manner of articulation video
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Phonetics Review

• Parts of the tongue
• Consonant articulation

blade
center
back
tip
front
root
epiglottis (not tongue)
places and manner of articulation video
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Phonetics Review
Consonants
Liquids and glides also grouped together and
called approximants
say typical stops sufficient fricatives
vary in place of articulation
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Phonetics Review

• Places of articulation (for English)
• Labial Dental Alveolar
  Palatal Velar

also Glottal
Lips Teeth Ridge Roof of Soft Behind
top Mouth Palate Teeth
Bilabial Labiodental Palato-alveolar Interdenta
l Post-alveolar
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Phonetics Review
Consonants

• Order of 3-part descriptive terms
• Voicing -- Place o Articulation -- Manner o
  Articulation

so d is a voiced alveolar stop
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Phonetics Review

• English Consonants Order of 3-part descriptive
  terms
• Voicing -- Place o Articulation -- Manner o
  Articulation

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Phonetics Review

• English Consonants (voiceless sounds on the left)

obstruents
sonorants
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(No Transcript)
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Phonetics Review

• 11 Places
• Bilabial stops, nasals and fricatives
• Labiodental - stops, nasals, frics, (and
  affricates p?f )

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Phonetics Review

• 11 Places
• CORONAL sounds - stops, frics, (affricates),
  nasals
• Dental

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Phonetics Review

• 11 Places
• CORONAL sounds - stops, frics, nasals
• 4. Alveolars

Apical tip of tongue used Laminal blade of
tongue used
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Phonetics Review

• 11 Places
• CORONAL sounds - stops, frics, nasals
• 5. Retroflex - tongue tip pointed up,
  articulation with underside of tongue (not manner
  because place is both where and what with tongue)

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Phonetics Review

• 11 Places
• CORONAL sounds - frics, (affricates),
• Palato-alveolar - front of tongue domed, tongue
  tip near alveolar/post-alveolar region (not
  underside)

• Alveolo-palatals (like palatal palato-alveolar)
  - further back than palato-alveolar, but still
  tongue tip under alveolar ridge (Chinese and
  Polish)

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Phonetics Review

• 11 Places
• CORONAL sounds - stops, frics, (affricates),
  nasals
• Palatal - made with front of tongue and tongue
  tip down (behind bottom teeth)

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Phonetics Review

• 11 Places
• DORSAL sounds - stops, frics, (affricates),
  nasals
• Velar

Labial velars
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Phonetics Review

• 11 Places
• DORSAL sounds - stops, frics, (affricates),
  nasals
• 9. Uvular French r

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Phonetics Review

• 11 Places
• DORSAL sounds - stops, frics See Agul
• 10. Pharyngeal ?
• 11. Epiglottal

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Phonetics Review

• Nasals, stops and fricatives (From Ladefoged
  Johnson, 2011)

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Phonetics Review

• MANNERS of Articulation
• Trills - articulator set in motion by the current
  of air
• Taps - up and down movement of top of tip of
  tongue
• Flaps - front and back movement of underside of
  tongue

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Phonetics Review

• Laterals - approximants, fricatives

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Phonetics Review
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Phonetics Review
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Phonetics Review
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Phonetics Review

• Different from consonants
• A lot more variation (different dialects)
• Vowels are in a continuous space and gradient
• Described by tongue height and backness
• Also by rounding and tense/lax (sometimes not
  used)
• Vowels are a 5 part descriptive terms
• Height -- Back/Front -- Tense/lax -- Un/Rounded
  -- Vowel
• i high front tense unrounded vowel

Vowels (English)
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Phonetics Review
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Vowels and vowel-like articulations

• Vowels - vowel space broken down even more than
  in English

high
upper mid
lower mid
low
Tense/lax or upper/lower height
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Phonetics Review
Vowel Chart Modified
high
high
upper mid
upper mid
lower mid
lower mid
low
low
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Phonetics Review
How do vowels and consonants relate to each other
in terms of place of articulation?
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Phonetics Review
How do vowels and consonants relate to each other
in terms of place of articulation?
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Phonetics Review
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Phonetics Review
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Speech Production

• Coarticulation - more than one articulator is
  active - please
• Articulatory processes - adjustments made during
  normal speech (not laziness, but often for ease
  of articulation)
• Assimilation
• Dissimilation
• Deletion
• Epenthesis
• Metathesis
• Vowel Reduction

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Articulatory Processes - Assimilation

• Assimilation - when the features or
  characteristics of one sound spread to another
  sound
• Regressive assimilation - if two sounds are
  together in sequence XY, then some characteristic
  of Y spreads to X (backwards).
• Vowel nasalization before a nasal consonant -
  bed vs. Ben
• Progressive assimilation - if two sounds are
  together in sequence XY, then some characteristic
  of X spreads to Y (forward).
• Voiceless liquids and glides - bride vs. pride

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Articulatory Processes - Assimilation

• Voicing assimilation - a sound takes on the same
  voicing as a nearby sound
• voicing - voiceless sound becomes voiced
• devoicing - voiced sound becomes voiceless

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Articulatory Processes - Assimilation

• Assimilation of place of articulation - a sound
  takes on the same place of articulation as a
  nearby sound
• Palatalization - making the place of
  articulation more palatal
• Also term used for changing alveolar sound to
  post-alveolar
• Homorganic nasal assimilation - a nasal consonant
  changes depending on the place of articulation of
  the following consonant

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Articulatory Processes - Assimilation

• Assimilation of manner of articulation - a sound
  takes on the same manner of articulation as a
  nearby sound
• Nasalization - making vowel nasalized
• Flapping - between two vowels, an alveolar stop
  becomes a flap (where first syllable is stressed
  and second is not) (Flaps are considered
  continuant so more vowel like)

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Articulatory Processes - Dissimilation

• Two sounds become less alike
• Rare process

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Articulatory Processes - Deletion

• Process that removes a segment from certain
  phonetic contexts

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Articulatory Processes - Epenthesis

• Process that inserts a segment in certain
  phonetic contexts

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Articulatory Processes - Metathesis

• Reordering of the sequence of segments

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Articulatory Processes - Vowel Reduction

• In unstressed syllables, vowels become more
  central
• Common reduced vowels in English

high central unrounded vowel
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• Articulatory processes - Reviewadjustments made
  during normal speech (not laziness, but for ease
  of articulation)
• Assimilation - regressive or progressive
• Of voicing - voicing or devoicing
• Place of articulation - palatalization,
  homorganic nasal assimilation
• Manner of articulation - nasalization, flapping
• Dissimilation - orange juice
• Deletion - fifs, husban
• Epenthesis - warmpth
• Metathesis - aks, pisghetti
• Vowel Reduction - Ohio or Ohia? Missouri

• Examples of stressed, unstressed and reduced
  vowels

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• fo? nEkst ta?Im
• Read chapter 1 and refresh your IPA
• IPA Quiz 1 on consonants on Tues Jan 17! Will
  be given the symbol and you need to match the
  descriptive terms
• IPA Quiz 2 on vowels on Thurs Jan 19! same type
  of thing as quiz 1
• We will finish Phonetics Review and start Ch 2 on
  Thursday
• HW Phonetics IPA practice worksheet handed out
  on today and due Tues to help study for the quiz