[e-mail]

1
????????????????? ?????? ????????????
??????????????? ??????? ???????, ?????????? ??
????????????? ?????? ??????????????????????
??????????????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????
??????? ?????????? ???

• ???????????? ?.?., ????????? ?.?.
• komitet_at_iht.mpei.ac.ru
• ???????????? ??????? ?? ??????????????? ?????????
  ??????? ???

2
???? ???????

• 1. ??? ????? ????????????? ????? ? ?????? ????
  ????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ????????????
  ??????????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???
  ??????? ???????????? ? ?????????.
• 2. ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????
  ???????? ?? ?????????????? ?????? ???????????.
• 3. ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????
  ??????????? ????????
• - ??? ??????? ? ??????????? ??????? (??????
  ????????? ? ?.?.????????)- Al, Cu, Mo, Ta, W.
• - ??? ????????? ???????? ?????????? (Fe, Zr, Hf).
• 4. ???????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ??????????
  ???????.
• 5. ???????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ????????
  ??? ?????????? ???????.
• 6. ???????? ???????? ? ????????? ????????
  ??????????? ???????? (?? 100 ????) ? ????????????
  ???????? (??? ?????????? ?????????? ???????).
• 7. ???????????? ? ?????????? ??????. ?????????
  ??????? ?????????????? ????????????? ???????.

3
S.V. Lebedev (1913-1990)
4
?????? ???????????? ??????? - ??????

• ? 1967 ???? ?.?.??????? ??? ????????? ??????????
  ?.?.?????????? ?? ?????? ? ?????.
• ?????? ???????????? ??????? (1913-1990) ???
  ?????????? ??????, ??????? (????? ???? ??????)
  ??????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????? ???
  ???????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????????.
  W.G.Chase, ???????? ????????? ?????????,
  ??????????? ??????????? ???????, ?????? ???
  ???????? ???????????? ?????????????
  ???????????".
• ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? , ??????????????
  ?.?.????????? ??? ? 1954 ????
• ?.?.??????? ? ?.?.?????? ????????? ???????? ?
  ????????, ??????????? ?????????? ????? ???????
  ?????????", ????, 1954, V.26, No5. pp. 629-639.
• .?.?.??????? ??????? ? ???????????? ??????????
  ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????????????
  ???? ??????? ?????????", ????, 1954, V.27, No5.
  pp. 605-614.
• ?.?.??????? ??? ???????????
  ????? ???????????.
• 1) ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????????
  ????? ?????????????? ? ?????? ????????? ????????
  ??????? ??? ??????? ????????????. ???????????
  ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ?????
  ??????????.
• 2) ?????? ??????? ???? ? ???? ?????? ????????? ?
  ????????, ??????????? ?.?.????????? ????????? ?
  ?.?.?????????, ??? ????????? ???????? ????????
  ???????????.
• 3) ??????????? ????? (?????? ? ????????????
  ??????) ????????????? ? ??????????? ??? ?????????
  ?????????? ??????? ???????.

5
????????????? ???????????? ????? ?????????

• ?????????? VR ???????????? ????????? ?
  ??????????? ?? ??? i ??? ?????? (?????? tC tM)
  ? ???????. ????????? ???? j 107 A/??2.
• ??????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????????.
  ???????? ??? ???????? ?, ?, ? ?????????? ????
  ??????? ?? ??? VR ????? 1 ??, ?? ??? i ?????
  250?.
• tC ?????? ?????? ?????????? (??????
  ?????????????? ??????)
• tM ?????? ????????? ?????????? t? ??????
  ????????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ?????????.

6
????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????
??????????? ?????????(?????? ?.?., ??????? ?.?.,
???????????? ?.?. 1984)

• ????? - V.V.Ivanov, S.V.Lebedev, and
  A.I.Savvatimskiy " Thermal expansion of liquid
  Al, Cu, Mo, Ta and W", J. Phys.F Met. Phys.
  1984. V.14. pp. 1641-1650.
• ???????? ????? - J.W. Shaner, G.R.Gathers, and
  C.Minichino High temp.- High Press, 1977. V.9.
  pp. 331-
• ?????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????
• ???????????? ??? ?????????? ?????????.

7
?????????? ????????? (???????????? ???-25/12),
??????????? ?.?.????????? (72 ???)
8
????? ?????????? ????????? (6 ???) (????????
?.?., ???????????? ?.?.)
R??? ???????? ???????? (200 ???) C
???????????? ???50-3 (6 ???) R1 ????????
?????????? ????????????? (0,53 ??) R
??????????? ??????? ? ??????? (??????) ????
?1, ?2 ????????? ???!-1000/25
??-20-10 ?????????????? ?????????
9
???????????????????? ??????? (??? ???????,
???????) ? ??????? ? ?????? ?????????? ?
??????????? ?? ????????? ???????

• ???
• ????????? ?.?., ???????????? ?.?.
• Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 1996
  ???, ?.205-208, ?.672-682
• (? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??
  ???????? ????????? ? ??????? ????????? ??
  ????????????????????)
• ?????? ? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????.
• ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????. ?? ?????? -
  ?????? ?? ?????? ????.
• ?????? ???????????????????? ??????? ??????
  ????????? (????? ? ???????-????????)
  ????????????? ????????????? ???? ??? ??????
  ??????? (???????????? ?????????????).
• ??????????? ???????

10
??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????????
????????????? ????????(?????????, ????????????,
J. Non-Crystall.Solids, 1996) ? ?? ?? ?????
???????? ????????????? ???????? ? ???????
???????? ?? ??????????
11
? ?????????????? ????????? ? ????????? ????????,
????????? ??? ???????????? ????????? ???????
???????

• ???.2.4 ?? ?????? ?.?.????????? ? ?.?.??????????
  ??????????????? ???????? ? ????????? ?????????
  ???????? ? ??????? ? ???????? ???????? ???????
  ????????????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?1-496,
  2008 ???
• ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????????
  ?????????? 107 ?/c ????????? 25-30 ?
• ???????? ?????? ??????????
• ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?
  ????????????? ??????????. ??????? ?????
  ?????????? ?????????????? ???????, ? ?? ????????.

• ????????? ????? 90Ti-6Al-4V
• ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ?? ?????????
  ???????? ??????? 3000 ?/c (1) 107 ?/c (2)

12
??????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? (???????? ??
??????????? 20?)E.Kaschnitz and P.Reiter Intern.
J.of Thermophys., 2002, V.23, 5,P.1339-1345)
13
???????????? ?????? ??? ???????? Zr (????????????
???????)
14
????????? Zr ??? ?????????? ???????
15

• ????????? ????????? ?????? ????????
• (??? ????????? ???????? ?????????)
• ?????? ? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????
  ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ?? 5-7
  ???????????. ? ????????? ????? ??????????????
  ???????? (7 ??) ???????? ?????????. ???????????
  ?????????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ???????.
• (1 ???????????? ??? 1000 ??????????)
• ??????, ? ??????? ???? ?????? (????? ??? ? ?
  ????????) ??????????? ?????? ?? ???????, ??? ???
  ??-?? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??????
  ????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ? ??????
  ????????????? ? ?????? ??-?? ??????? ??????. ???
  ????????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????
  ?????? (?.?.?????????).

16
????????? ???????? ? ??????????? ?? ????????
?????????

• 1 - ?????? ????????? ? ?????????????.
• ???????? ?????? - ???????? ????????????? ???
  ????? ????????? ????? ? 6517 - 471??, ??/?3. SD
  50 ??/?3.
• ?????????? ?????? ??????, ???????????? ?
  ?????? ?.?., ???????? ?.?., ???????? ?.?., ?????
  ?.?. ??????????????????? ??????. ?. ???????????,
  1979

17
????????? ??????????? (????????? ????????)1-
???????????? ????????? ? ???????? ?? ??????
?????? (?????????) 2 Paradis, Rhim (?????????)
3 ?????????? ?????? ???????????? 1 ? 3 ?
??????? ???? ????? 5
18
????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????

• Image (with photometrical scale) of iron (with
  0.1 of carbon content) wire diameter, horizontal
  axis, on CCD -camera.
• Above - initial diameter (0.2 mm) of iron
  specimen.
• Lower - expanded diameter of the same specimen
  during the experiment (under imparted energy 2.05
  kJ/g, that corresponds to an iron temperature of
  2500 K).

19
????????? ????????????????? ?????? ? ?????????
??????? ??????

• The start (1.06 kJ/g) and the end (1.33 kJ/g) of
  iron melting are shown with arrows according to
  Pottlacher et al.4. Square points our data,
  initial point is shown under E 0. Dashed curve
  polynomial fit of our data. The errors of
  density and imparted energy measurements are
  given for the value datum close to 2.5 kJ/g.
• Dashed curve 1 - our data for solid and liquid
  iron (with 0.1 carbon content), obtained in air.
  
• Circle points 2 - data of Hixson et al.5 for
  liquid iron, obtained with pulse electrical
  heating under high argon pressure (2 kbars).
  According to this reference E 3 kJ/g
  corresponds to 3950 K.
• Solid line 3 - data of Beutle et al.3 for liquid
  iron, obtained in water with pulse electrical
  heating under high pressure (up to 3.8 kbars).
  The full time of heating is 55 microseconds.
  According to 3 E 3 kJ/g corresponds to 3861 K.

20
???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?? 5000 ?

• ?????????? ?????? ? ???? ?? ???????????? ???????,
  ?????????? ???????? ?????????? (? ??????? 7 ??).
• ? ???????? ?????????, ?.?. ?? ??????? (???????).
• ?? ????? ??????? (??????), ??? ????????
  ????????? ??????? 1.62 ???/? (?????????????
  ??????????? 5750 ?).
• ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ????????
  ???????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ???????
  (??????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????????).
• ???????? ????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ?
  ??????????? (?? ??????????? ? 0)

21

• ????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? (???
  ?????????? ???????)

22
????????????? ????????? ?? ????????????????????(?
?????? ?.?., ??????? ?.?. 1976)?.?.????????
(1972) ??????????? ?????? ? ????????? ????????
(? Pb) ??? ?????????. ? ??? ??
????????? ???????? ?????? (1972)
23
?????? ??????? ????, ????????? ?? ???? ?????
(?.?.?????????) ??? ? ?????? ???? (??? ?????
?????). ?????????? ????????? ? ?????, ??????
?????? (0.1-0.2 ??) ????? ???????? (?????? ??????
3 ??).????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ??
?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ? ???????????
????????? 4800 ? (?.?. ?????????).

1- ?????? 2- ???????? 3- ????? 4 ?????? 5 -
????????????
24
????????? ???????? ???????????? (?.?.?????????)

• ???????????? (855 ??) ??????? ??????? ??????
  ???????? ? ??????????? ?? ???????
• 1 - ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????????????
  ??????,
• 2 - ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????????????
  ??????. ?????? ?????? - ?????? ?????? (????????
  ?? ??? ???????). ????? ?????? (???????????????
  ????????????? ??????? ???????) ??????? ??????
  ???????? ????? ???????.

25
??? ?????????? ????????? ??????? (? ???????????
?)

• ??????? ???????, ??? ????????? ??????? ???????
  ?????????? ? ???????????. ? ?????? ???????
  ????????? ???? ?????????????? ?????????? ?? ????
  ?????? ??????? (?? ?????? ??????).
• ? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ????????
  ????? (??? ?????????????). ???????????
  ????????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????, -
  ?????? ??????? ????? ???????, ??? ?????????
  ??????? ?????????? ? ???????????. ?????
  ??????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? (???????????
  ??????? ?????), ? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????
  ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????????.
• ? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????????, ??
  ??????????? ????????????? ?????? ????? ????
  ????????? ???? ?????????? ????? (???????? ??
  10-20 ?).
• ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ?
  ?????????????????? ?????????. ??? ????
  ??????????????? ???????, ??????? ?????? ??????
  ?????????????.

26
???????? ???????????? ??????? ????????

• 1 - ??? ????????? ?? 2150 ? ?? 4100 ? ??? 2-?
  ???????? ?????? ??????? ????.
• ?? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ??
  ???????? ??? ???? ????????????? ????????.
• 2 - ??????????? (??? ?.?., ????????? ?.?.,
  ????????? ?.?. ???, ?.23, ?2, ?.395-397, 1985) ?
  ????????? ?????????? 2128-2200 ?, ?????????????
  ?????.
• 3 - ?????? Fink J.K. (http//www.insc.anl.gov/matp
  rop/zirconium/zrhfus99.pdf). 1999.

27
???????????? ??????? ?????????
28
???????????? ??????????????? ???????????
????????? ???????? ???????????? Cp

• 1. ? ??????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????
  ????????? ?????? ?? 0.7???/?
• ?????? ????????? ???? 0.85 ???/?. 1 ??-??
  ??????? ?????????????? ????? ??? ????????? (????
  ?? 20 ?), 2 ??-?? ??????????? ? ?????????
  ????????,
• 3 ????????? ??????????????? ???????????.
• 2. ? ??????????? ?? ???????????

29
(No Transcript)
30
????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????

• ????? ???????? (????????????) ???????????
  ?????????? ????????? ???????? ????????
  ??????????????? ???????? ??????? ? ??????
  ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ? ?????? ????
  ?????????? (?.?.??? ?????? ? ???? ?? ???????).
  ???????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????.
• ???????? ????????????????? ?????????? ??
  ???????????????????? ??????????? ????????, ?
  ????? ??????? (?? ?????? ???? ? ??????) ? ?????
  ????????? ? ? ?????? ????????? (??? ?????????
  ???????????).
• ????????????? ???????????? ??????
  ?????????-??????? ???? ???? ??????????? ?
  ?????????????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ???????
  ???????? ? ????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ?
  ?????????? ????????????? ?? ????????????
  ??????????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ????????.
• ???????? ????????????????? ?????????? ??
  ?????????, ????????????????????, ???????????? (?
  ??????????? ?? ???????????) ??? ??????? ????????
  (?? 4100 ?) ??? ?????? ?????? ? ????????? (??
  5000 ?).

31

• ???????????? ????????? ??????? ? ???????
  ????????? ????????

32
??? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ????????????(???
??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????????????
????)

• ????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? (2 -
  2.2 ?/?? ???)
• ????? ??????? ??? ?3000 ? (??? ????????
  ?????????? ????????? ????????????? ?? ? 100 ????
  ??)
• ??????????? ???????? ?????????? (????? ??
  ????????? 1-5 ???)
• ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????????????
  ???? ??????? ????????? ?????????
• ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ? ???????????
  (?????????? ??? ?? 3000?
• ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??
  ????? ????????
• ?? 1 ??????? ??????????? ??? ???? ???????
  ??????? ????, ????????? ? ?????? ?????????, ?.?
  ????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????
  ????????? ?????? ? ???? ?? ???????.
• ???????? ??????????? ?????????? (??????????, ???,
  ?????, ???????????) ????????? ???????? ????????
  ????????? ?????????.
• ??????????? ??????????? ???????? (? ???????
  ?????????) ?? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???????
  ????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???????
  ?????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ?????? ??? ?
  ?????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ??????? (?????,
  ??????).

33
?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????
?????????(????? ??????? ?????? ?????????,
?????? ?????????) ??????? ?????? ????????? ?
??????? (????? 2 ?/??3) ????????? ????????
?????? ? ????????? ?????????.
34
?????????? ??????? ???????? (2 ?/??3) ???????????
??????? ? ???? (????????, ????????????, 2008)
????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???
???????? ??????? ? ????????????. ?????????????
??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????
???????? 0,630,14 ??, ?????? 16 ?? ? ?????????
???? (????? ????? ???, ???????
??????????). ????????? ????????? 1 ??? ?? ????
??????? ???????. ??? ?? ?????? ????????? (? ?
?9.5 ???/?, ? ? 4600 ?) ?????????? ????????
?????? ????????????. ????????????? ?? ????????? ?
1000 ??????? ????????? ? 10000 ???????. 1)
??????????? ??????? ? 2) ???????? ?????????? ?
35
?????????????? ??????Resistivity ? µ??m (without
expansion included) of the annealled cylindrical
pyrolytic graphite specimens versus specific
imparted energy (W, kJ/g). 1 in the water 2
in sapphire tube (Vtube/Vgraphite 1.7) 3
in sapphire tube (Vtube/Vgraphite 1.4).
Finish of melting at 20.5 kJ/g.
36
????????? ??????? ? ?????????? ????????? ???
??????? ?????????? ????????

• ????????? ????? (???????? ?????????????
  ??????????) ??? ????????? ??????? ???1-? (??????
  ???????? 50 ???? ??? ?????????? ?????????) ?
  ?????????? ????????????? ?????????.
• ??? ??????? - ???????????????????? ? (???????
  ??????)
• ??????????? ?, ? (?????? ??????) ??? ? 4800 ? ?
  ? 50 ???? dP/dT 54 ???/K (????????? ?.?)
• ??? ??????? - ????????? ???????? ???????.
• ?1 10.5 ???/? E2 20.5 ???/?
• ?V ??? (dE/dT) ? 3 ??/???

37
??????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???
???????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????????
?????????
38
????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????
39
Melting of the annealed pyrolytic graphite HOPG
placed between thick glass plates (Left and rifht
sides one and the same experiment)Left side.
1 - current(modeling by A.D.Rakhel) 2 - current
(experiment) 3 - voltage U (experiment),
melting region marked with arrows. Five lines
lower calculated pressure (A.D.Rakhel) upper
line in the center of the graphite plate (10-15
kbar at melting), the lower line for the
surface graphite layer.Right side. Melting of
the graphite (thickness of the plate 0.4 mm)
during 2 µs heating. U voltage T temperature.
Squares exp. data of V.Senchenko.
40
?????????? ????????????? ??????????????????????
?????? ?.????????? ? ?.???????? ? ???????????
????????? ?? ??????????? ??? ??????? ???1-?

• ????????? ? 9.1 ???/? ????????????? ???????????
  ? 4500 ? (???????? ??? ?????????????? ???????
  ? 1988 ????, ??? ???????? ? 1 ????).
• ????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????????????
  ????????? 1972 ???? ???????? ?????? 1984 ????.
• ?????????? ?????? ??????????????? ? ?????
  ???????????? ?p ? ?????? ???????????.
• ?????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? 2.5 ???
  ???????????? ?? 4500 K. ?????? ?????????
  ??????????? 2.

41
???????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ?
??????? ????? ???????? (David Haaland, Sandia
Laboratory, 1976, 40 ???????) ?????? ????????
???????? ???????????? ?? ???

• ????? ?????????? ??? ??????????????
  ????????????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?
  ???????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????????????.
  ???????? 107 ??? ???? ??????????? ??? ????????
  ??????? ????? ????????.
• David Haaland (??????)
• ??????????, ?????????????? ? ???? ???????,
  ?????? ????? ????????? ???????, ??? ???????
  ???????? ??? ???????? ???? 100 ???????? ?
  ??????????? ????????.
• ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????????????
  ?????????? ? ????????? (????????? ???? 4000-5500
  ?), ??? ??? ??????? (plume) ???????????
  ????????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ???????,
  ?????? ???????? ? ???????? ???????????.
• ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???????.
• ??? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????, ??????????
  ?????????? ?.?.???????????, ??? ????????????, ???
  ????????? ??????? ????? ???????? 1-3 ???, ?
  3700-4000 ?

42
?????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????????? (???
????? ? !)

• ??? ??????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?
  ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? 10.5
  kJ/g.
• ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???
  ????????? ?? 20.5 kJ/g.
  ????? ??????? ????????? ??? 10 kJ/g.
• ??????? ????????? ??????????-????????? ?
  ????????? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ???????, ???
  ???????, ??? ??? ????????? ??????????? ????? ???
  ????????????? ???????? (??????)
• V? /V?? 1 ??? ? V?? (T?? ? dP/dT),
• ??? V? - ????? ?????? ???? ? ????? ?????????
• V?? - ????? ??????? ???? ? ????? ????????? (?
  1.2V0 ???????????? ??????)
• ??? ??????? ????????? (10 kJ/g ????
  ?????????)
• T?? - ??????????? ????????? ( 4800 200K)
  ???? ????????? (???) ? (4800 100K) -
  ?.?.??????? (?????)
• dP/dT 54 bar/K ???????? ??????????
  ?.?.?????????? ? ?????????.
• ????? ?? ????? V? /V?? ? 1.7
• ??? ?????????, ?????? ??????????? ???????????,
  ?????????? ?????????? ? 70 ?????? ?? ?????
  ????????? (??? ????? ?????????).
• ???? ?????? ?????????????? ????????????? (?????,
  ? ????? ???????? ?.?. ???????? ?.?. ?
  Pottlacher G., ???????)
• ???????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????
  ????????? ????????????, ? ??????? ??????????
  ????? ?????????? ? 4800100 ? ? ?100 ???
  (??????? ?.?. ??????)

43
?????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ? ?????????
??????? ????????
44
The data of M.Togaya (Japan) The liquid carbon
resistivity versus pressure (at the
melting point only !)

• Initial pyrolytical graphite with the density 2.2
  g/cm3.
• The specimens were heated in the wall material
  MgO.
• Solid lines experiments with the graphite
  melting under pressure
• Dashed line - experiments under pressure but
  without heating.
• M. Togaya show the parameters of the points (in
  the Figure) of the dependence resistivity ?
  against imparted energy E for melting point.

45
??????? ???????????????????? ?????? ???? ? ?????
????????? ? ?????? ? ????????? ???????? ??????
?????? ???? (????????? ?????????). ??? ?????
???????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????
????????????? ? ????????????? ???????? ???????
??????????? ????????? ? ?????? ???????, ??????? ?
????????? ?????????(???????).1 ????????? ?
1.10 g/cm3 const (V/Vo 2) 2 -
????????? ? 1.76 g/cm3 const (V/Vo
1.25) 3 - ????????? ? 1.88 g/cm3 const
V/Vo 1.17). ???????? ????????????????????
??????????? ? ??????? ?.?????? ? ???????????
???????? ???????????????????? ?????? ???? (?
????? ?????????) - ??????.
800
690
640
46
1 ???????????????????? (??????)
??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ?
????????? (??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??50
????)????????? ?????? 1 -????????? ? 1.1
g/cm3 2 - ? 1.76 g/cm3 3 ? 1.88 g/cm3
?????? ??????? ? ?????????? ???????. ???????
?????? ??????? ?????????
23000 ?
18000 ?
V/Vo1.25
V/Vo1.17
1
4800 ?
V/Vo2
2.??????? ???????? ?? ????????????????? ???????
? ???????????????. 3.??????? ????????? ?????
??????? ?????????????
47
???????? ?????????? ?? ????????

• ??? ??????? ???????? (?? 50 ????) ????????
  ?????? ???????? ?????? (??????)
  ???????????????????? ??????? ???????? ? ?????
  ????????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ? ??????
  ???????? (??? ??????????? ? ? ????? ??????????
  ?????????????). ??? ????????? ????? 50 ????
  ?????? ??????? ? ????? ????????? ????????? ?
  ?????????????? ????????? ???????????? (????????
  ?????????????).
• ????? ? ????? ?????????????
• ??????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ?????
  ????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????
  ????????? (????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????, ??
  ????? ???? ??????????? ? ???????? ?????? ? ?????
  ????????? ??? ? ? 50 ????).
• ??????? ? ? 25-35 ???/?, ??? ??????? ?????????
  ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ????
  ??? ?????????? ????????? ???????. ??? ?????
  ?????? ??? ??????? ????????, ???????????? ?
  ?????? ??????.
• ???????? ?? ????????????????? ? ??????? ???????
  ??????? (? ? 40 ???/?), ???????? ?????????????
  ??????? ???????? (? 1000-3000 ???????) ????,
  ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? (? ? 40 ???/?, ?
  600-800 ???????) ??? ????????????????? ????????.
• ?????????? ???? ?? 2008-2009 ???? ?????????????
  ????? ? ??????? ? 08-08-91201-??_? ????????
  ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????,
  ??????????? 08-202) ?? ???????????? ????????????
  ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?
  ???????? ???????? ?????? (??????????? ?.?????)
  ?? ??????? ????????? ????.
• ?????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ????
  ????????? ? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ?
  07-08-00070-? (?? 2007-2009 ????) ????????? ?
  ???????????????????? ??????? ????????.
• ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??
  ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????
  ????????.

48
????? ??????????? ????????????(????????? ?.?.,
?????? ?.?., ?????? ?.?.)

• ???????????? ???????? ? ???????????????? ???????
  ????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ? ????????????

49
?????????? ????????????????? ?????? ???????
?????? ? ????????? ????????, ??????? ?????? ?????
????? ??????????? ?????????? (???????? 3 ??,
?????? 10 ?? ? ??????? 10 ??
50
????? ????????????? ?? ????????? ????????
51
?????????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????
(R1 ? R2 ?????) ?? ?????? ????? ??????. ?????????
????????? ????????? ?????????, ??????????? ???
??????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????
?????????????? ????.
52
???????? ????? ? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????????
??????? ?? ??????? P 30 ???? ??? ???? ????????
????????? (??????).
53
???????? ????????????? ?????? ? ??????? ????????
??????-????????
54
???????? ??????????

• 1. ???????????? ???????? (????????????)
  ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ???
  ???????????? ??????????????? ???????
• ?????????? ??????? ?????????? (?? 20000 ?) ?
  ??????? ?????????? ???????? (?? 100 ????) ???
  ???????????? ?????? ?? ????????????. ???????????
  ?????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????????
  ???????????? ??? ?????? ???????.
• ?????? ????????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ??????
  ??????? ???? (?? 8000 ?) ? ???????? ??????????
  ?????????????????? ?????????? (0.1??-0.1??)
  ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????????
  ??????? 1??
• ??????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?
  ???? ?? ???????, ? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???
  ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? (???? ?
  ?????? ?????????)
• ??????? ????????? ??????????? (?? ??
  ????????-?????) ?????????? ????????.
  ??????????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????.
• 2. ?????????? ???????? (????????????) ???????
  ?????
• ????????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????
  ????????????? ????, ????????? ??????????? ???????
  (???? ????????????? ???????? ? ??????? ???
  ??????????? ??????????, ????????? ???????)
• ????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????, ??
  ???????? ? ?????? ????????? ?? ????????? ?
  ??????? (?????????????? ? ?? ??????????? ? 20 ?
  ???? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????)
• ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????, ??? ?
  ?????????? ???????? ????????, ????????????
  ????????????? ??????????? ?????????????????
  ?????????.
• ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????????
  ???????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?
• ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????
  (???????? ?.?., ?????????? ?.?.).
• 3. ?????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????
  ???????????? ?? ??????? (????? ? 07-08-00070?).

55
?.?.???????? ? ?.?.????????? ???????????????
???????? ? ????????? ????????? ???????? ? ???????
? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ?????
???????? ???? ??? ?1-496, 2008 ???, ?.1-37.

• 1.?????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????????
  ???????????? ??????? ? ???????? ???????? ???? ??
  ??????????? ????????????????? ??????? (?.2)
• 2. ??????????? ????????? ??????? ? ??????????
  ?????? ??-?? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??
  ????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????
  ????????? (?.27)
• 3. ? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????
  ???????? ???????? ? ????? ?????????
  ?.?.????????? (?? 70 ???????? ????, ?? 18 ???
  ??????, ? ?.?.). ??????????? ????????? ?????? ??
  ?????.

• 1. ??? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ?????????????
  ???? ???????????? ??????? (???????, ???????? ?
  ??????-????????). ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?
  ????????? ????????????????? ??????????.
• 2. ???????? ???? ??? ???? ? ????? ???????.
  ???????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ? ??????????
  ????????????? ???????????? ?????? (1972).
• 3. ???????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????????
  ?????? ??????? ???????? ? ?????? ?????
  ???????????? ?????????????????? ??????????.

56

• ??????? ?? ????????

• ??????? ?? ????????
• ???????????? ??????? ?? ??????????????? ?????????
  ???????
• (komitet_at_iht.mpei.ac.ru)
• ??? ???????????? ?? ??????????? ?????