CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE

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CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE

• INDUSTRIAL TRAINING INSTITUTE
• PALANA

TRADEPMBT
MODULE1
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• MODULE1BASIC FITTING AND
• MEASUREMENT

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• LESSON NO 1
• METROLOGY
• METROLOGY is define as a measurement of length
  and angles and other such quantities which are
  expressed in linear and angular measurement.

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IMPORTANTCE OF METROLOGY

• To achieve quality control in production
• To achieve up to date production, knowledge of
  The measurement require.
• To reduce rejection with the help of quality
  control.
• To develop inspection procedure .
• To calibrate measuring instrument time to time

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TERMS USED IN METROLOGY

• SPECIFICATION
• Every product and part have some
  certain characteristics .It gives certain
  thoughts of that particular product. Its called
  specification. It gives easy to understand
  production method.
• STANDARD
• Standard is define as , it is a physical
  quantity which is established by higher authority
  or organization .This standard is reliable and
  acceptable to measure physical quantity. Ex.
  METER

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LENGTH STANDARD

• THERE ARE TWO STNDARD SYSTEM TO MEASURE
  LENGTH
• 1.BRITISH SYSTEM INCH,FOOT,YARD
• 2.METRIC SYSTEM MM,CM,METER

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LESSION NO2

• UNIT OF LINEAR MEASUREMENT
• 1.British system mile
• yard
• foot ()
• inch ()
• 2.metric system kilometer
• meter
• decimeter
• centimeter
• millimeter
• 3.S.I. System meter

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CONVERSION

• BRITISH SYSTEM 12 inch1 foot
• 36 inch1 yard
• 3 foot1
  yard
• 1760 yard1mile
• METRIC SYSTEM1000micron1mm
• 
  10mm1cm
• 10cm
  1decimeter
• 
  10decm1meter
• 
  1000meter1kilometer

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S.I.SYSTEM

• As per S.I.System fundamental unit of length
  is METER
• 1.METER1000MM
• 1CENTIMETER10MM
• 1MILIMETER1000MICRON
• 1MICRON0.001MM

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LESSION NO3ORDINARY MEASURING INSTRUMENT

• THERE ARE TWO TYPE OF MEASURING INSTRUMENT 1.
  DIRECT MEASURING
• Steel rule
• Ordinary
  depth gauge
• Protector
  gauge
• 2. IN DIRECT MEASURING
• Out side
  caliper
• Inside
  caliper
• Jenny
  caliper

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ENGINEERING STEEL RULE

• When dimension are given in a drawing
  without any indication about the tolerance ,it
  has to be assumed that measurement are to be made
  with steel rule.
• MATERIL It is made from spring steel or
  stainless steel

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CONSTRUCTION

• The edges are accurately ground to
  form straight edge.
• The surface of steel rule is satin
  chrome finished to reduce glove and prevent
  rusting.
• ACCURACE Reading accuracy of steel rule is
  0.5mm in metric system and 1/64 in British
  system
• SIZE OF STEEL RULE Steel rule are available
  in different length .The common size being
  150mm,300mm,600mm.
• The steel rule graduated in
• 10 mm,5mm,1mm,0.5mm

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MEASURING WITH A STEEL RULEThe figure given
below shows the method of using a try square and
steel rule for accurate measurement. For accurate
readings, it is necessary to read vertically and
avoid errors arising out of parallax.

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IMPORTANT SAFETY

• For maintaining the accuracy of a
  steel rule ,it is important to see to it that its
  edges and surfaces are protected from damage and
  rust.
• Do not place a steel rule with any
  cutting tools. Apply a thin layer of oil when not
  in use.

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CALIPERS

• Caliper are simple measuring
  instruments used to transfer measurement from a
  steel rule to objects, and vice versa.
• Calipers are of different types
  depending on the type of the joint and the shape
  of the leg .

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TYPES OF JOINTS
The commonly used caliper are firm joint
calipers and spring joint caliper FIRM JOINT
CALIPER In the case of firm joint calipers ,both
legs are pivoted at one end. To take measurem-ent
of a workpiece,the caliper is opened roughly to
the required size. Fine setting is done by
tapping the caliper lightly on a wooden surface.
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SPRING JOINT CALIPER
For this type of calipers, the legs are
assembled by means of a pivot loaded with a
spring. For opening and closing the caliper
legs, a screw and nut are provided. Spring
joint calipers have the advantage of quick
setting. The setting made will not change un less
the nut is turned. The size of a caliper is
specified by its length ,which is the distance
between the pivot centre and the tip of the leg
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TYPES OF LEG
Out side and inside calipers are
differentiated by the shape of the legs.
Calipers used for out side measurements
are known
as out side calipers. The calipers used for
internal meas-urements are known as in side
caliper. Caliper are used along with steel
rule ,and the accuracy is limited to 0.5 mm
parallelism of jobs etc.can be checked with
higher accuracy by using calipers.
OUT SIDE
IN SIDE
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LESSON NO 4PRECISION MEASURING INSTRUMENT

• TYPES OF MEASURING INSTRUMENT
• 1.VERNIER CALIPER.
• 2.VERNIER DEPTHGAUGE
• 3.VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE
• 4.MICRO METER OUT SIDE

• 5.MICRO METER IN SIDE
• 6.MICRO METER
• DEPTH GAUGE
• 7.DIAL CALIPER
• 8.DIAL INDICATOR

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VERNIER CALIPER

• A vernier caliper is a precision measuring
  instrument. It is used to measure up to an
  accuracy of 0.02 mm .
• MATIRIAL It is made from nickel chromium steel
• USE Vernier caliper is use to measure out side
  ,inside, depth of the size.

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PARTS OF A VERNIER CALIPER
FIXED JAWS(1 AND 2) Fixed jaws are part of the
beam scale one jaw is used for taking external
measurement ,and the other for internal
measurement.
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PARTS OF VERNIER CLIPER

• MOVABLE JAWS Movable jaws are part of the
  vernier slide. One jaw is used for external
  measure-ments,

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PARTS OF VERNIER CALIPER

• VERNIER SLIDE A vernier slide moves over the
  beam and can be set in any position by means of
  a spring loaded thumb leven.

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PARTS OF VERNIER CALIPER

• BEAM The vernier slide , and the depth bar
  attached to it, slide over the beam. The
  graduation on the beam are called the main scale
  division.

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PARTS OF VERNIER CALIPER

• DEPTH BAR The depth bar is attached to the
  vernier slide and is used for depth measurement.

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PARTS OF VERNIER CLIPERS

• THUMB LEVER The thumb lever is a spring loaded
  lever which helps to set the vernier slab in any
  position on the beam scale.

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PARTS OF VERNIER CALLIPER

• VERNIER SCALE The vernier scale is the
  graduation marked on the vernier slide. The
  divisions of this scale are called vernier
  divisions.

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PARTS OF VERNIER CALIPER

• MAIN SCALE Main scale graduations or divisions
  are marked on the beam.

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SIZE OF VERNIER CALLIPER

• Vernier calipers are available in size of 150 mm,
  225 mm, 900 mm and 1200 mm. The selection of the
  size depends on the measurements to be taken.
  Vernier calipers are precision instruments, and
  extreme care should be taken while handing them.
  

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IMPORTANT

• Never use a vernier caliper for any purpose other
  than measuring. Vernier calipers should be used
  only to measure machined or filed surfaces. They
  should never be mixed with any other tools. Clean
  the instrument after use, and store it in a box.

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GRADUATIONS AND READING OF VERNIER CALIPERS

• Vernier calipers are available with
  different accura-cies. The selection of the
  vernier caliper depend on the accuracy needed and
  the size of the job to be mea-sured.
• This accuracy/least count is determined by
  the gra-duation of the main scale and the vernier
  scale division.

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DETERMINING THE LEAST COUNT

• In the verner caliper shown in fig the main
  scale division (9mm) are divided in to 10 equal
  parts in the vernier scale.

i.e. one main scale division 1mm
(MSD)
one vernier scale division 9/10mm
(VSD)
Least count is 1 mm-9/10 1/10mm
The difference between one MSD and one VSD0.1mm
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LEAST COUNT

• VERIER CALIPER WITH 0.02MM LEAST COUNT IS
  GENERLY USED IM WORK SHOP.
• In this vernier caliper main scale division
  (49mm) are divided in to 50 equal part in the
  vernier scale.
• i.e. 1 main scale division 1 mm
• (MSD)
• 1. vernier scale division 49\50
  mm
• (VSD)
• Least count is 1mm 49\50 1\50 mm
• THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 1.MSD and 1. VSD0.02MM

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EXAMPLE OF READING
Main scale reading 35mm
The vernier division
coinciding with the main scale is the 20th
division. Value20 multiplied by
0.020.20mm. Total reading is
35mm0.20 35.20mm
35.20 mm
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2.VERNIER DEPTH GAUGE

• A vernier depth is very commonly
  used precision instrument for measuring depth of
  holes recesses, slot and step.
• Its construction and method of
  reading are similar to those of a vernier
  caliper.

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PARTS OF VERNIER DEPTH GAUGE
Base (1), Graduated beam (2), Clamping screw (3),
Fine adjustment mechan-ism (4) and Vernier scale
(5).
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COUNSTERACTION OF VERNIER DEPTH GAUGE

• The base (anvil) is the fixed unit and serves
  as a datum for measurement. It also carries the
  vernier scale and the fine adjustment mechanism.
• The beam with the main scale graduations is the
  sliding member or part
• Fine adjustments for measurement are made after
  tightening the clamping screw and the fine
  adjustment mechanism.

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USES OF VERNIER DEPTH GAUGE

• While taking measurements the base
  should be firmly held against the reference
  surface. The relief given at the end of the beam
  of some vernier height gauges is to avoid the
  seating in the corners of slots and to ensure
  correct reading.

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IMPORTANT

• REMOVE BURRS, IF ANY,
  BEFORE TAKING MEASUREMENTS. EXCESSIVE PRESSURE ON
  THE BEAM, WHILE TAKING MEASUREMENTS WILL LIFT THE
  BASE FROM THE REFERENCE SURFACE AND WILL SHOW
  WRONG MEASUREMENTS.

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3.VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE

• Accurate measurements are important
  in layout (marking off) and inspection work.
• Vernier height gauges are particularly
  suitable for marking off accurate distances, and
  centre location.
• The graduations and readings are the
  same as
• those of avernier caliper.

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PARTS OF VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE

• The main parts of a vernier height gauge
  and their function are given.
• 1.base
• 2. beam
• 3.vernier slide
• 4. fine setting device
• 5. vernier plate
• 6. locking screws
• 7. scriber

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ZERO SETTING OF THE VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE

• The offset scriber permits zero
  setting instrument from the datum surface. While
  using a straight scriber, the zero setting of the
  instrument is at a level above the datum surface.
  In this case the zero setting is to be checked
  using the precision round block, supplied along
  with the instrument. Vernier height gauges with
  which we can measure from the datum surface
  without the special offset scribers are also
  available.
• SIZE The size of the vernier
  height gauge is stated by the height of the beam.
  The most commonly used size has a beam of 300 mm
  height.
• Vernier height gauges are used with surface
  plates or other accurate flat surface.

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4MICRO METER OUTSIDE

• A micro meter is a precision instrument
  used to measure a job, generally within an
  accuracy of 0.01mm.Micrometer used to take the
  outside measurements are know as outside
  micrometer.

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PARTS OF MICROMETER OUTSIDE
FRAME The frame is made of drop forge steel or
malleable cast iron. All other part of the
micrometer are attached to this. BARREL/SLEEVE
The barrel or sleeve is fix to the frame. The
datum line and graduation are marked on this.
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PARTS OF MICROMETER OUTSIDE

• SPINDLE One end of the spindle is the measuring
  face. The other end is threaded and passes
  through a nut. The threaded mechanism allows for
  the forward and backward movement of the spindle.
• SPINDLE LOCK NUT The spindle lock nut is used to
  lock the spindle at a desired position.

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PARTS OF MICROMETER OUTSIDE

• THIMBLE On the beveled surface of the thimble
  also, graduation is marked. The spindle is
  attached to this.
• ANVIL The anvil is one of the measuring faces
  which is fitted on the micrometer frame. It is
  made of alloy steel and finished to a perfectly
  flat surface.

RATCHETSTOP The ratchet stop ensures a uniform
pressure betw-een the measuring surface.
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GRADUATION OF MICROMETER

• WOKING PRINCIPLE The micrometer works on the
  principle of screw and nut .The longitudinal
  movement of the spindle during one rotation is
  equal to the pitch of the screw. The movement of
  the spindle to the distance of the pitch or its
  fractions can be accurately measured on the
  barrel and thimble.

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GRADUATION

• In metric micrometer the pitch
  of the spindle thread is 0.5mm. Thereby ,in one
  rotation of the thimble, the spindle advances by
  0.5 mm.
• On the barrel a 25 mm long datum
  line is mar-ked. This line is further graduated
  to millimeters and half millimeters (i.e. 1 mm
  0.5 mm).

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GRADUATION
The graduations are numbered as
0,5,10,15,2025 mm The circumference of the bevel
edge of the thimble is graduated in to 50
division and marked 0-5-10-1540-50 in a
clockwise direction. The distance moved by the
spindle during one rotation of the thimble is 0.5
mm. Movement of
One division of the thimble 0.5 1/50
0.01 mm
ACCURACY 0.01mm
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READING WITH OUTSIDE MICROMETER

• RANGES OF O.S. MICROMETER Outside micrometer
  are available in ranges of 0 to 25mm, 25 to 50mm,
  50 to75mm, 75 to 100mm,100to125mm, 125 to 150mm.
  For all range of micrometer, the graduations
  marked on the barrel is only 0-25 mm.

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READING OF OUT SIDE MICROMETER
First note the minimum rang of the outside
micro Meter . While measuring with a 50to75mm
micrometer, note it as 50mm.Then read the barrel
graduation. Read the value of the visible line on
the left of the thimble edge. See below fig. i.e.
main div. 13.00 sub div.0.5 mm so, total
13.50mm. Next read the thimble gradua- tions in
line with the barrel datum line, 13th div.
Multiply this value with 0.01mm, 13
0.01mm0.13mm so, barrel reading13.50
thimble reading00.13 total 13.63 mm

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DEPTH MICROMETERS

• CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES The depth micrometer
  consists of a stock on which a graduated sleeve
  is fitted.
• The other end of the sleeve is threaded with a
  0.5 mm pitch v thread.
• A thimble which is internally threaded to the
  same pitch and from, mates with the threaded
  sleeve and slides over it.
• The other end of the thimble has
• an external step machined and threaded
• to accommodate a thimble cap.

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CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

• A set of extension road is generally supplied. On
  each of them the range of sizes that can be
  measured with that road, is engraved as
  0-25,25-50,50-75,75-100, 100-125,125-150. This
  extension road can be inserted in side the
  spindle and the sleeve. The extension rods have a
  collar-head which helps
• the road to be held firmly.

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CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURE
The measuring faces of the stock and the
rods are hardened, tempered and ground. The
measuring face of the stock is perfectly machined
flat. The extension roads may be removed and
replaced according to the size of depth to be
measured.
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GRADUATION
On the sleeve a datum line is marked for a length
of 25 mm.this is divided into 25 equal part and
graduated,each line representing one millimeter.
each
Fifth line is drawn a little longer and numbered.
Each line representing 1mm is further subdivided
into two equal part.Hance each sub-division
represents 0.5 mm. The graduation are numbered in
the reverse direction to that marked on an
outside micrometer
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GRADUATION

• The zero graduation of the sleeve is on the top
  and the 25mm graduation near the stock. The bevel
  edge of-

the thimble is also graduated. The circumference
is equally divided into 50 equal parts and every
5th division line is drawn a little longer and
numbered. The numbering is in the reverse
direction and increases from 0, 5, 10, 15, 25,
30, 35, 40, 45 and 50 (0).
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LEAST COUNT

• The advancement of the extension rod for one full
  turn of the thimble is one pitch which is 0.5 mm
  Therefore the advancement of the extension rod
  for one division movement of the thimble will be
  equal to 0.5/50 0.01mm. This will be the
  smallest measurement that can be taken with this
  instrument, and so, this is the least count of
  this instrument.

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USES OF DEPTH MICROMETER

• Depth micrometers are special micrometers used to
  measure
• The depth of holes.
• The depth of grooves and recesses
• The heights of shoulders or projections.

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LESSION NO5COMBINATION SET
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TYPES OF CUTS

• basically there are four types. Single cut,
  double cut, rasp cut and curved cut

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SINGLE CUT FILE

• A single cut file has rows of teeth cut in one
  direction across its face. The teeth are at an
  angle of 60 to the center line. it can cutchips
  as wide as the cut of the file. Files with this
  cut are useful for filing soft metals like brass,
  aluminum, bronze and copper.