Bhadriraju Subramanyam

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Bhadriraju SubramanyamSubi

• 306 Shellenberger Hall
• Tel [phone]
• E-mail bhs_at_wheat.ksu.edu

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Fundamentals of Grain Storage

• GRSC 710.
• 2 Credits (no labs).
• Tuesdays and Thursdays, 1130 AM-1220 PM
• Start August 21 End December 6, 2001
• 311 SH

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Special Assistance or Needs

• Please see me this week or next week.
• Confidential

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Course Objectives

• Understand how stored grain is managed to
  maintain quality and quantity.
• Understand grain quality factors and how quality
  factors are measured.
• Understand causes and management of grain quality
  deterioration.
• Understand regulatory issues related to grain
  handling and storage.
• Emphasis on biological organisms causing spoilage
  and their management

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Prerequisite Courses

• GRSC 602 Cereal science.
• GRSC 661 Qualities of feed and food ingredients.
• Related courses
• Ag. Tech, Management, Food and Feed Product
  Protection, Grain and Forage Handling Systems,
  Grain Marketing.

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Suggested Text

• Storage of cereal grains and their products.
  1992. Fourth Edition. D. B. Sauer (Ed.), AOAC,
  St. Paul, MN. 615 pp.

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Class Notes

• www.oznet.ksu.edu/grsc_subi/
• Teaching Link

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Reference Materials

• Swanson Resource Room, 303 Shellenberger Hall.
  800 AM - 500 PM.
• Books, book chapters, popular and scientific
  articles.
• Reading assignments will be given each week.

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Lectures and Exams

• Total 29 lectures.
• 2 exams
• Take home final (due by December 14).

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Grading System

• 1st Exam 100 points
• 2nd Exam 100 points
• Take home final 200 points
• Total 400 points

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Grading System (Contd)

• 90 - 100 points A
• 80 - 89 points B
• 70 - 79 points C
• 60 - 69 points D
• Less than 69 points F

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Course Outline

• Importance of grain storage systems.
• Production of grain in the world and the US.
• Types of grain.
• Planting/harvest times.
• Yield/acre
• Geographic differences in production.
• Kernel structure.
• Types of storage structures.
• Physical and biochemical changes during storage.

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Course Outline (Contd)

• Physical properties of stored grain
• Grain moisture and its importance in maintaining
  storage quality.
• Grain temperature and its importance in
  maintaining storage quality.
• Measurement of grain moisture and temperature.
• Influence of grain temperature and moisture on
  insects and molds associated with stored grain.
• Vertebrate pests associated with stored grain.

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Course Outline (Contd)

• Managing grain temperature and moisture.
• Grain drying
• Aeration
• Managing wet grain.
• Managing surplus grain.
• Sampling and inspection of grain (domestic and
  export).
• Management of stored grain and associated pests.
• Regulations governing stored grain handling and
  storage.
• Relevant web sites review and summary.

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Instructors Availability

• Open door policy.
• Available at all times during the day.
• Lab Tel [phone].

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What I Expect From You

• Gain a basic understanding of grain storage
  issues.
• Read assigned articles.
• Group discussion.
• Look at the big picture.
• Develop problem-solving skills.
• Caveat A course in transition.

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Origins of Agriculture

• Transition from food collection to food
  preservation occurred 10,000 years ago (end of
  Pleistocene era).
• Domestication of plants
• Gathering and preserving seeds of desired plants.
• Destroying non-food plants growing on the same
  land.
• Stirring the soil to form a seedbed.
• Planting when season and weather are right as
  shown by past experiences.
• Protecting the crop from natural enemies.
• Gathering and processing preserved or stored
  products.

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Plant Domestication Centers

• 1. Asia
• Millets, soybean, rice, etc.
• 2. Near East and Africa
• Barley, wheat (einkorn and emmer), etc.
• 3. America
• Avocado, beans, maize, pumpkin, tomato, etc.

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Field Crops Classification

• Grasses belong to family Poaceae.
• Cereals, sugarcane, forage grasses.
• Legumes belong to Fabaceae.
• Soybean, cowpeas, alfalfa, etc .

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Grain or Cereal Crops

• Cereals are grasses grown for their edible part.
  Cereal refers to the seed or plant. Grain is a
  collective term applied to cereals.
• Wheat, oats, barley, rye, rice, maize, grain
  sorghum, millets, teff.
• Buckwheat is not a cereal (Polygonaceae).
• Legumes
• Soybeans

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Means for Increased Food Production

• Why increase ag. production?
• To feed the hungry population (increase of 88
  million/year).

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Decrease in Family Size with Improved Standards
of Living
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Worldwide Food-Related Nutrition and Health
Conditions

• 12.9 million children under age 5 died in 1990.
• 13 pre-school-age children have eye disorders
  500,000 become partially or completely blind each
  year.
• 1.5 billion people (28 of the world pop.) suffer
  from iron deficiency anemia.
• 1 billion people live in iodine-deficient areas.
• 217 million people suffer from goiter.
• 1 billion people are malnourished.
• 1 out of 5 people in developing countries is
  malnourished.
• 192 million children suffer from protein-energy
  nutrition.

Source WHO/FAO 1992 Estimates.
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• Expansion of cultivated land area.
• Finite amount of land.

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• Increase yields on current agricultural land.
• Increased farm inputs

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• Prevent pre- and post-production losses.
• More emphasis on preventing losses of crops in
  the field.
• Very little emphasis in preventing
  post-production losses, especially in less
  developed countries.

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Post-production or post-harvest losses

• Asian countries 10-20 for cereals in LDCs.
• Africa, losses in rice range from 9-17.
• Bangladesh 2.3 during manual harvesting, 1.6
  during drying, 1.9 parboiling, 0.5 transport,
  0.9 storage, 1.5 threshing, and 3.8 milling.
• A 2 reduction in losses of rice 4 million MT
  of saved grain that can feed 10 million people,
  and is valued at
• 800 million/year.

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Work Towards Greater Food Security

• Food security is defined as the physical and
  economic access to and consumption of safe and
  nutritious food at all times by all people to
  maintain a healthy active life.

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Reading Assignment

• Bailey, J. E. 1992. Whole Grain Storage, pp.
  157-182. In D. B. Sauer (ed.), Storage of Cereal
  Grains and Their Products, AACC, Minneapolis, MN.
• Hyde, M. B. and N. J. Burrell. 1982. Controlled
  Atmosphere Storage, pp. 443-478. In C. M.
  Christensen (Ed.), Storage of Cereal Grainsand
  Their Products, AACC, MN.
• Okezie, B. O. 1998. World food security the role
  of postharvest technology, FoodTechnology, Vol.
  52 64-69 .
• Sinha, R. N. 1995. The stored grain ecosystem,
  pp. 1-32. In, Stored grain ecosystems, Jayas, D.
  S., N. D. G. White and W. E. Muir (eds.). Marcel
  Dekker, New York.