Making Our World a More Understandable Place

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Making Our World a More Understandable Place

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Title: Making Our World a More Understandable Place

1
Making Our World a More Understandable Place

? Political Language and Those Who Use It
? Democracy and Its Many Meanings
? Challenges to American Objectives
Grandmas Recipe for Success
? New Old Visions of Politics EU Nationalism
? Big Countries/Small Countries Does Size
Matter?
? Globalization Positive Negative Visions
? Whos Your Cousin? Insights from Science
Genetics

2
Making Our World a More Understandable Place

Propose to take you on a thoughtful political
adventure where we encounter new visions and
contemplate new ideas

3
Making Our World a More Understandable Place

Political Language and
Those Who Use It

4
How open are YOU to

?recognizing purposeful ambiguity
?acknowledging political manipulation
?differentiating theory from practice
?resisting defensive posturing
?abandoning assumptions of superiority
?rethinking the utility and precision of the
words we use

5
Intellectual Sedatives

Better labeled POLITICAL SEDATIVES
Basic notion It is in the interest of segments
of our
system to get a thought-less response to an
appeal!
The reason this works is the presumption that we
all know what a particular term means.
Therefore, it requires absolutely no investment
of our time or effort to think about what it
means.
Quite naturally, those directing our behaviors
(responses) are advantaged if we neglect to
challenge them or the premises they offer us.

6
Intellectual Sedatives

?Words or phrases that invite us NOT to
think about what they mean !
?These fit our lifestyle because we have no
time to put them under the microscope
?Comfortable because everyone knows that there
is a division of labor some things need to be
left to our political managers
?We know they are guided by the highest motives !

7
WHO?

Politicians
Media
Experts
Opinion-shapers
Political Evangelists
Teachers
How guilty are we / you?

8
Why might we be a part of the problem?

Choose to communicate in terms that are
understood
Not enough time to reconstruct our political
language
Apprehension about seeming un-American
Misuse has a very long history
we may be unsure of where more carefully
defining terms could lead us
We may not have given thought to the nature of
the terms simply accepted the norms

9
Symbolism or Reality?

Consider how frequently we USE the following
terms and how infrequently we think about what
EXACTLY we mean

10
Freedom

Unrestrained oxymoron partial freedom Politics
Social process involving rivalry and cooperation
in the making of a decision binding on a group
Most freedom least government?
Most democracy least government?
Source of rules constraints?

11
What political structures create freedom?

Rules, laws, policies defines
?Alternative idea choice
Priority? --
political choice vs. economic choice
Empowering?
political choice vs. economic choice

12
Equality and Fairness

Ultimate fairness
treating everyone the same?
Where and when do we do this?
Treating people unequally
according to special needs, talents,
abilities

13
Equality

Un-American!
Recognition of differences
Anti-capitalist anti-politics
equal opportunity misnomer
what is that really?
Example inheritance

14
Persistently MISUSED!

Very tough choices for us what to do
Conform or invest in the effort to renovate use
of the terms?

15
RIGHT LEFTConservative Liberal

Most delicate of all American confusion!
CLASSIC ideological continuum
?Key Locus of Power in the larger system
individual state
? . ?
Left Right
liberal conservative
choice power

16
Crisis

Requiring immediate, dramatic response to avoid
massive damage
Proliferation of the term negates its meaning
NOT simply a problem

17
Discrimination

Differentiating, sorting, evaluating
Constant! not negative phenomenon
Adjective is politically critical
The world is dependent on discrimination!

18
Rights

Guarantee!
Source? The sovereign state /
governing authority
Abridged? Can you think of a right that has not
been ?
No UNIVERSAL rights
No INALIENABLE rights

19
Justice

guilty punished innocent not punished
?Procedural vs. substantive justice
Due process
Faith in jury system
?Epidemic litigation environment

20
Rule of LawIs any political system without law?

?Magic removing arbitrary decisions
?Predictability is the objective
process or outcome?
Procedural vs. substantive justice
?Guilty punished innocent not
?Masses approve new rules?

21
Nation

Most prolifically misused !
Mistakenly used in place of STATE
Most often properly used in academic and
particularly in comparative studies,
STATE is a political entity defined by boundaries
and sovereignty (country)
NATION is an ethno-cultural identity
a people with claimed elaborate common
characteristics

22
Terms that have too many meanings to be useful

Extreme caution is warranted that what we mean is
what is being understood!
representation, war, development, leadership,
participation

23
Representation

Transmission of interests
responsive to inputs?
Delegate vs. trustee
Obligation

24
War

Conflict of the sort or condition that changes
all rules or negates all rules
Explicitly everyone is threatened by a well
defined enemy and any recourse is thus justified
Removes limits on policy-makers

25
Development

Overwhelming lack of clarity
only thing in common is process
industrialization
urbanization
globalization
complexity
increased government services
rising income levels
mimicking the US economic model

26
Leadership

Creating consensus of values
Effectively guiding society
Setting the pace, fine-tuning the societys
direction
All or any cop out

27
Participation

Accessing or influencing the authorities
Actual or possible?
Input or output side?
More participation better?
more democratic?
System overload / capacity

28
Should we stop using these terms?

Perhaps! In some cases, YES!
freedom, equality, fairness, justice, social
justice
In other cases, NO! but carefully and
patiently put them under the microscope.
Challenge yourself to examine and articulate what
you mean.

29
What is to be done?

Be sure the terms / concepts are clear to you!
Use the most appropriate term with the most
precise meaning
Remind yourself that no system is perfect that
there are always characters who will try to
encourage you to THINK less about complex things

Perhaps you noticed the omission of democracy
in these reflections on
meaning and usage
The subject for our next session.

31
Making Our World a More Understandable Place

? Democracy and Its Many Meanings
? Challenges to American Objectives
Grandmas Recipe for Success
? New Old Visions of Politics EU Nationalism
? Big Countries/Small Countries Does Size
Matter?
? Globalization Positive Negative Visions
? Whos Your Cousin? Insights from Science
Genetics

32
Gorbachev on Two Hooligans
33
Making Our World a More Understandable Place

? Democracy and Its Many Meanings
? Challenges to American Objectives
Grandmas Recipe for Success
? New Old Visions of Politics EU Nationalism
? Big Countries/Small Countries Does Size
Matter?
? Globalization Positive Negative Visions
? Whos Your Cousin? Insights from Science
Genetics

34
Questions for next time

What product represents the greatest VOLUME of US
exports?
What percentage of the worlds languages are at
risk of becoming extinct?

35
Dick Farkas

Professor, Political Science, DePaul University,
Chicago
Student of Comparative Politics International
Relations
40 years of University teaching / 37 at DePaul
Most recent book DEMOCRATIZATION IN THE BALKANS
Current research Corporate Democracy, Bosnian
Constitutional Design, Political/Historical Novel
about American colonial life (GYRE)
Recreational Sailor, zealous traveler (3
circumnavigations)

36
Making Our World a More Understandable Place

Democracy and
Its Many Meanings

37
We believe DEMOCRACY is

Does it make a difference if we are talking about
what it is or what it ought to be?

38
Democracy Sloganeering

Thinking Really THINKING about Democracy
Typical answers

39
Government of the People, by the People and
for the People

Notions of commonness, engagement, service
Suggests an intimacy between people gov
Wisdom reside in the majority?
If people dont engage?
How much service to the public? All the public?

40
Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness

Non-violent non-coercive
Unlimiting
Locus of power with individual
Normative

41
People choosing theirleaders

Opportunity or actual?
Choices control of choices?
How managed are elections?
Who manages elections?
Who actually chooses?

42
The trouble with elections conditions that
discount public input

?Designation of constituencies
?Who is enfranchised
?Who is left voiceless SMDP vs. PR
?Structuring choices/range, representativeness
?Absence of pluralism/platforms
?Voter turnout
? between elections/elections rationalize neglect

The people who vote decide nothing the people
who count the vote decide everything.

44
Intellectual sedatives

Words or phrases that invite us NOT to
think about what they mean !
These fit our lifestyle and pressures because we
have no time to put all ideas under the
microscope.
These are comfortable because everyone knows
that there is a division of labor some things
need to be left to our political managers.
We know they are guided by the highest motives !

45
Freedom

Most democracy least government
Gov is the source of rules constraint
What political structures create?
create, abridge, deny ?

46
International Centre for Prison Studies

USA locks up more citizens than any other country
in the world
USA 737 prisoners per 100,000 pop.
2 of every 10 prisoners are awaiting trial
1 in every 32 adults is currently in jail, on
probation or on parole

47
Interpretation?

? More LAW
? More ORDER
? More criminals
? More opportunity
? More motivation measure man by money
? Fewer personal values, morals
Is there something about democracy that makes
this happen?

48
If DEMOCRAY is to be shared

?Need a clear, workable, adaptable sense of what
it is
?Recipient leaders will find themselves in tough
situations which juxtapose many societies
objectives
?When there is no singularly clear, correct
decision, what can guide policy-making to insure
long-term democratic direction?

49
Example of the strain

Norway decide to subsidize publishers
who publish Norwegian language materials
?Market too small for profit
?Overwhelming majority say culture will be lost
?Publishers want subsidy for all languages
?Majority are against perpetual gov subsidies
?Gov considering veiling policy via tax breaks
?Indigenous languages want same treatment
?Considering assigning decision to indep.
commission

50
The following are the common premises upon which
the leadership of any system can hold a steady
course toward democracy

Where do these ideas come from?

51
Tolerance

?NOT a matter of high principle or moral
correctness!
?Essential to competitiveness utilization of
human capital
?By underscoring inclusion, systems maximize
productivity and creativity

52
Obligation

?Government mandated to seek out and mirror
public sentiment pursue publicly-defined
interests
?Usually reflected in architecture of the system
(structures)
legislature, interest groups, media,
elite behavior rhetoric

53
Voice

?Channels for accessing government need to be
open, accessible and understood by the general
public
?Can be used intermittently
?Capacity to send a signal confidence that it
will be heard potential that it will resonate
with elites
?Must create public space for voice
?Commitment must exist in elites masses

54
Constraint

?Those in power understand and accept
that they are constrained to curb their
impulses to exercise authority
?Formal boundaries added boundaries to promote
balance between individual and collective
interests
?Authorities must feel constrained and
restrained in their conduct

55
Transparency

?If people are to play some role, must see
WHEN authority is being exercised
?Not natural, must design windows that can shed
light on operations, decisions and
administration
?Commitment to special procedures key

56
Legitimacy

?Vision that the governed have of those in power
?Masses singular source
?Achieved power by proper means
?Public has responsibility to accept or reject
the path to power
?Thereby, scrutinize leadership

57
Where does this leave us?

?The US system is not an ideal model
?Culture, history and objective circumstances
REQUIRE that our working definition be flexible
and achievable
?Appropriate intellectual caution about the use
of the term democracy

PATHS TO DEMOCRACY
Getting there
And KNOWING that we are getting there

59
Requisites as I conceptualize them

?Consensus of Values (destination)
?Assembled Political Machinery
(vehicle)
?Effective Leadership (driver)

60
Requisites VALUES

?Consensus must emerge
in essence, provides direction
?Specifics
politics as compromise
politics as not-for-profit undertaking
politics as public service
politics as criticism

61
Genuinely Democratic Values

?Tolerance (most central / critical)
?Obligation
?Voice
?Constraint
?Transparency
?Legitimacy
In the real world, these are NOT always
compatible
In those cases, TOLERANCE should prevail.

62
Speaking to our economic political values

The freest government, if it could exist, would
not be long acceptable if the tendency of the
laws were to create a rapid accumulation of
property in few hands, and to render the great
mass of the population dependent and penniless.
Daniel
Webster

The conflict between capitalism and
democracy is inherent and continuous.
Nehru
Democracy institutionalizes uncertainty.
In this sense, it is compatible with
capitalism. RPF

64
POLITICAL ARCHITECTURE

Some features vehicle
?Designed and routinized relationships
among government institutions (leg/exec,
etc.)
?Functional differentiation among levels of
government (especially central / local)
?Civilian led, constrained coercive authorities
?Structures for public input
?Structures for public dialogue

65
Political Architecture The US Institutional
Model 10 Structural Elements

?Separation of powers
?Two party system
?Executive presidency
?Commercial media
?Jury system
?Pluralism

?Litigating society
(focus conflict resolution)
?Term Elections
?Money energized politics
?Undefined representation

66
POLITICAL LEADERSHIP

driver
? Identified by regular, public orgs
? Management experience
? Dedicated to the public interest
? Forward-facing
? Tolerant of criticism
? Effective public policy makers
? Committed to power limits term limits

Direction
Vehicle
Driver
Minimal Requisites for DEMOCRACY !

68
Questions Comments
69
The tourist and the 3 jars
70
Making Our World a More Understandable Place

? Challenges to American Objectives
Grandmas Recipe for Success
? New Old Visions of Politics EU Nationalism
? Big Countries/Small Countries Does Size
Matter?
? Globalization Positive Negative Visions
? Whos Your Cousin? Insights from Science
Genetics

71
Questions for next time

What country has the highest percentage of its
population on FACEBOOK?
Which country is the largest owner of US federal
government debt?

72
Dick Farkas

Professor, Political Science, DePaul University,
Chicago
Student of Comparative Politics International
Relations
40 years of University teaching / 37 at DePaul
Most recent book DEMOCRATIZATION IN THE BALKANS
Current research Corporate Democracy, Bosnian
Constitutional Design, Political/Historical Novel
about American colonial life (GYRE)
Recreational Sailor, zealous traveler (3
circumnavigations)

73
Challenges to American Objectives in the 21st
Century

Grandmas recipe for success

79 of Americans polled agree that
Its good that American ideas and customs are
spreading around the world.
Pew Global Attitudes
Less than 40 of Europeans polled endorse the
spread of American ideas and customs.

75
Core problems

?We embrace rhetoric without thinking
(intellectual sedatives)
?We succumb to embellished self-images
?We find comfort in them and us portraits of
reality
?We have a classically youthful sense of
invincibility
?We dont perceive leaders as learners
?We show little respect for foreign methods /
ideas
(because, after all, everyone wants to come
here)

76
What Grandma knows

?Grandma euphemism for those that immigrated
here
?That immigrant experience validated different
cultures and behaviors
?It also underlined the imperfect nature of
American society
?So, structuring life behavior for success
became a matter of simple values --
Propose to examine some

77
Real source of the prescriptions ?

?Perhaps the stark colonial life of
Poor Richards Almanac
?Perhaps the forced adaptation of new immigrants
?Perhaps the keen insight of persons living in a
world they knew that they couldnt fully
comprehend

PRESCRIPTIONS based upon considerable empirical
work
In other words, suggestions of what OUGHT to be
based upon an examination of what IS.

79
Tend to your own house first

?US model of development resonates with the rest
of the world only to the extent that American
resources are consistently dedicated to our
people and their needs
?Neglect suggests hypocrisy
?Key values tolerance,
individual choice, and transparency

80
A penny saved is a penny earned

?In comparative terms, America has
extraordinary financial capacity
?The World sees this as
money makes right
?Developing weapons because we can
and engaging other societies because we can is
perceived by significant numbers as obscene and
abusive

?The reality is that prudent management of
American resources would dictate that more budget
restraint would yield more results
?Without deficits, overspending and
blatant budget manipulation, US foreign policy
options would be greater
?The clearest way for a government to demonstrate
restraint and signal intent to the world
community is through its budget

82
Always keep a dollar in your pocket

?This simple prescription builds on the previous
point.
?If a government maintains surpluses,
it has the flexibility and capacity to deal
with unanticipated circumstances and emergency
situations
?The logic and wisdom is inescapable!

83
In sharp contrast

We are creating a deficit hole for many future
generations by
?Protracted war related costs
?Weapons systems to counter no threat
?Attempting to create a role for the US as
political architect of the world

84
Perspective a trillionmillion, billion,
trillion

Think about seconds on a clock
? 1,000 seconds ago was 17 minutes ago
? 1,000,000 seconds was about 12 days ago
? 1,000,000,000 secondsabout 32 years ago
? 1,000,000,000,000 seconds was almost 32000
years ago

The death of one man is a tragedy
The death of one million men is a statistic
Josef Stalin

86
Self praise stinks

?Resonates for me personally
?Simplest of notions the world will
view self-promotion with skepticism,
distrust and revulsion
?If strengths are evident, others will recognize
(and cite)
?US should not need to be emulated to be
confident about it own path!

87
He that speaks much, is much mistaken
Ben Franklin 1736

?Again, building on the former thought
?Our world is buried in an avalanche of
political rhetoric dulling media and
ever-sharper indictments
?Imitation is the highest form of flattery BUT
only if it is democratically driven by genuine
internal desire by a society

88
Mea culpa

?Some would certainly observe that professors
are a classic example of this danger
?I agree and embrace that valid criticism
?Nonetheless, as a society projecting ourselves
to the world-at-large, we would do well to
restrain our rhetoric and redouble our
performance !

89
Being kind is more important than being right.

?It follows, then, that actions do speak louder
than words
?Democracy has many meanings but certainly one
that all people can embrace is a system that
does more for people than it does to them.
?The humanistic example may be more impressive
than the legal, political or economic

90
The right to do something does not mean that
doing it is right. Safire

Tsunami Relief is a classic case of positive
foreign policy, largely insulated from the
worlds skepticism about our motives
Guantanamo may be an example of what Safire is
pointing toward

91
One should keep his words both soft and tender,
because tomorrow he may have to eat them.

?History informs us that empires wane
?Add to this, our world shrinks
?Given that America is a compulsively
forward-thinking society, we more than most
should understand that delicacy of language and
overt treatment of our friends and foes will
serve as the best insurance for our future
?Do unto others as you would have them do unto you

92
Speak softly and carry a big stick
TR

?Speak softly essence of humility
manifestation of confidence
?Big stick
nuclear weapons changed the equation
21st Century stick is
economics and education
TR first American recipient of
Nobel Peace Prize (1906)

93
If life was fair, Elvis would be alive and all
the impersonators would be dead.
Johnny
Carson

?Explicitly, our world is not constructed around
a broad conception of FAIRNESS
?Americans seem unable to imagine themselves as
anything other than gracious, kind, giving and
helpful people therefore, we should be loved
and admired
?Others see us a tough, driven, insensitive to
differences and messianic

94
A fanatic is one who cant change his mind and
wont change the subject. Churchill

?To both friend and foe, our policies seem to
emulate the characterization above
?The adamant quality, unflinching confidence and
sermon-like rhetoric simply define arrogance and
superiority
?The world is prone to ask, If our world changes
so rapidly and the elements of power are so
diverse, how can America be so SURE that it has
the only answers?

95
Guidelines for successful people

?Set achievable goals
?Insure resources to support quest
?Adapt and adjust as required
Simple, clear challenging

96
PUSH BACK

? How well do these concepts travel?
? Five select factors
?history
?religion
?technology suspicion
?capitalism vs. sharing
?21st Century global politics

97
History

Epoch of European colonial empires
Cold War epoch
War on Terrorism epoch
?What characteristic is shared by these?
-gt the powerful imposing values / systems!
?Lowers credibility in target countries
Irony real impulse not to institutionalize real
democracy because diminishes control

98
Religion

?Central problem is NOT any particular religion
(i.e. ISLAM)
?Religion is an awkward platform for democracy
because it challenges the notion of mans
control which is embedded in democratic theory
?Higher AUTHORITY prescribes behavior

99
Technology Suspicion

?Technology by definition changes its
environment including unintended consequences
political technologies
?Importing countries are duly suspicious of the
motives of exporters
Trojan horse analogy
?Technological creation and absorption are
unevenly configured (biased)
to advantage the exporter

100
Capitalism Sharing

?The essentially raw nature of capitalist motives
profiting and self-enhancement raise
fundamental issues of suspicion for importers
?Sharing is not a capitalist precept
?If democracy will level the playing field in
politics certainly capitalism will do little to
level economics

101
21st Century Global Politics

? Unilateralism democracy are neither
compatible nor logically consistent
? Democracy is being exported because the US
the Europeans can export it raw power
manipulation
? Should wait for indigenous pressure
and desire

102
Final Analysis

Very complex we will observe apparently
contradictory impulses
Requires significant flexibility by mentors
?Democracy may and should LOOK different one
from the other
Where the European Union has a role, it is
engineering requisites for membership
?values, architecture leadership?

103
Old Russian parable

A small bird is frozen in a Siberian snow storm

104
(No Transcript)
105
Making Our World a More Understandable Place

? New Old Visions of Politics EU Nationalism
? Big Countries/Small Countries Does Size
Matter?
? Globalization Positive Negative Visions
? Whos Your Cousin? Insights from Science
Genetics

106
Questions for next time

What percentage of professional athletes are from
abroad?
NBA? MLB? English Premier League?
In which country do academics earn the highest
income relative to the national average?

107
Making Our World a More Understandable Place

New Visions in Politics
European Union
Ethnic Nationalism

108
National Pride

of people very proud of their nationality
Iran 92 US 72
Philippines 85 Poland 71
Egypt 81 India 71
Mexico 80 UK 49
Vietnam 78 Denmark 48
Ireland 74 France 40

109
POLITICS

?social process
?rivalry cooperation
?making of a decision
?binding on a group
POLITICS is a social process involving rivalry
and cooperation culminating in the making
of a decision binding on a group.
POLITICS managing people for purpose

110
Think about your feeling about the following
terms

? administer, manage
? manipulate, force
? direct, lead
? order, control

111
Integrative Forces

?Challenge from massive corporations seeking
consistency exercising mobility
?Economies of scale
?Composite human resources
?Cost of governing
?Prospects for stability peace

112
Disintegrative Forces

?Nationalism
?History
?Fear
?Mythology of homogeneity
?Political power Yugoslav example
?Search for profits
?Other ?

113
statesovereign state

?government has ultimate authority to make
decisions binding upon all those within the
boundaries of that entity
? country
? not what Americans call states

114
Nation

UNIQUE
history, culture, language, religion, music, art,
dance, preferences for color, race, behavioral
and physical characteristics, values
And when the argument isnt complete, all gaps
are filled with mythology !

115
Classic Characteristics ofEuropean
Ethno-nationalism

? Claim both that their people are superior and
are (have been) victimized
? Frame their political ideas around selective
visions of history
? Claim that membership is not a choice blood
determines a nationalists identity
? Narrative always dwells on chosen traumas and
chosen glories
? Seek to dominate or eliminate minorities

116
Americans BLURRED View of Nationalism

Nationalism vs. Patriotism / Nation State
US policymakers generally fail to appreciate
the power of nationalism in other societies and
have demonstrated neither skill nor sensitivity
in dealing with its manifestations abroad.
Pei, Carnegie

117
Global Hatred Index

4000 Internet Sites
Targets 35 anti-American
32 anti-Semitic
20 anti-Islamic
Fodder for nationalism / emotional appeals

118
NATIONALISM

? force rationalizing the break-up of sovereign
states
? common revolutionary theme often coupled with
anti-colonialism
? fear of others xenophobia
? ethnic cleansing (genocide)
? proliferation of states
? Giving nationalism a bad rap ?
INCLUSIVE vs. EXCLUSIVE

119
In sharp contrast, forces working to
INTEGRATE

To create ever larger political entities that
embrace the advantages outlined earlier of
greater size. NAFTA, SEATO, ASIEN, and the
EUROPEAN UNION

120
Genesis of European Integration

Jean Monnet Europeanists
?European Coal Steel Community
?European Economic Community
?European Community
?European Union 92

121
European Union

NOT IN

?Germany ? Slovenia
?France ? Poland
?UK ? Hungary
?Belgium ? Czech Repl.
?Netherlands ? Slovak Repl.
?Italy ? Lithuania
?Spain ?East Germ.
?Portugal ? Latvia
?Ireland ? Estonia
?Greece ? Romania
?Malta ? Bulgaria
?Cyprus
?Sweden
?Denmark
?Finland

? Russia
? Ukraine
? Moldova
-- Switzerland
-- Norway

122
Aspiring

? Iceland candidate
? Croatia candidate
? Turkey candidate
? Serbia aspiring
? Macedonia aspiring
? Montenegro aspiring
? Albania aspiring
? Bosnia aspiring
? Kosovo aspiring

123
EU 2010
124
EU Political ArchitectureFunctional (not yet
constitutional) First Ten Years

Commission
20 persons 2 each from largest 5
1 each from others
5 year terms/loyalty to EU
Functions as EXE CUTIVE
rule application
all policy initiatives
agenda setting

Council of Ministers
87 reps from national governments
Different persons depending upon issue
Functions as LEGISLATURE
"brake
Decision by "qualified majority" 61 of
87

Parliament
Elected from constituencies 626
Functions as "conscience of the
people"
IF inaction assumed to concur
IF amends,
Council must consider in 1 month
IF rejects, Council can overrule
w/unanimity
Passes on all policies

125
Genesis of EU Architecture

2002 Convention of the Future of Europe
Components Council of Ministers
European Commission
EU President
EU Foreign Minister
European Parliament

126
EU Architecture

Council of Ministers

European Commission

?Main decision-making institution
?Ministers from member states
?Functionally differentiated
?Qualified majority -- weighted votes
?255 of 345
62 pop support

? Executive
?15 appointed by member states on rotating basis

127

EU President

EU Foreign Minister

?Leaders of member states elect a president for
up to two 30 month terms

?Combine current external relations with high
representative for common foreign policy
?Becomes the chief foreign policy spokesperson
for EU

128
European Parliament

? Elected by the citizens in the member states
in constituencies of equal numbers
? Shares legislative budgetary authority with
Council
? Supervises the Commission
? Last perhaps weakest player in policy-making

129
Implications for our world

Political system DESIGNED for the 21st century
and the challenges of policy making response to
? Complexity
? Need for speed
? Medias influence on public attitudes
? Lobbying money in politics

130
US European Relationship

?Cousins common values!
?Comparable size pop, econ, human res
?? Capacity to meet challenges /
efficiency of policy-making

131
The peasant with too many children
132
Puzzle in a box
133
Making Our World a More Understandable Place

? Big Countries/Small Countries Does Size
Matter?
? Globalization Positive Negative Visions
? Whos Your Cousin? Insights from Science
Genetics

134
Questions for next time

How many people worldwide suffer from chronic
hunger?
What percentage of the worlds trade is carried
on ships?

135
What five countries own the bulk of the worlds
ships?

Greece
Japan
Germany
China
Russia
Flags Panama, China, Liberia, Malta, Cyprus

136
Dick Farkas

Professor, Political Science, DePaul University,
Chicago
Student of Comparative Politics International
Relations
40 years of University teaching / 37 at DePaul
Most recent book DEMOCRATIZATION IN THE BALKANS
Current research Corporate Democracy, Bosnian
Constitutional Design, Political/Historical Novel
about American colonial life (GYRE)
Recreational Sailor, zealous traveler (3
circumnavigations)

137
Making Our World a More Understandable Place

Big Countries / Small Countries
Does Size Matter?

138
Proliferation of States

? End World War II 47 sovereign states
? Today, 206 sovereign states
? Last fifteen, smaller than Chicago in economy
population
? Wilsonian thesis
self-determination of peoples
? Who decides what a people is?

139
Challenges for New StatesEspecially small ones

Military Defense
Control of Borders (relations given genesis)
Revenue Generation
Human Capital
Market Appeal to Others / Investors
Vulnerability to Nature
Vulnerability to Suppliers

140
Good News for small states

?Feels Cohesive
?Small Population to Manage
?Small Population to Provide Services
?Ease of Communication

141
What Prospects? for an independent

Istria
Gran Canaria
Puerto Rico
Hawaii
Kosovo
Croatia
(Our Land)

142
Small States / Some New Microstates

Kiribati, Liechtenstein, Marshall Islands,
Monaco, Nauru, Palau, Tuvalu all smaller than
100,000 pop smaller than RI
? not militarily defensible
? vulnerable to natural disasters
? vulnerable to external economic shocks
? less attractive to investment for production
NOT ECONOMICALLY VIABLE

143
What one would NOT know if living in a NEW, small
state starter list

?who would rule the state?
?what will the taxes be?
?can I start a business?
?Who will control economy (many dimensions)
?Who can be a citizen?
?What sorts of mobility do I have?
?Who has access to education?
?Do I have to serve in the military?
?Are my credentials good in our neighboring
states?
?What RIGHTS do I have?

144
Singular Advantage

Sell sovereignty to
Rich states exchange support / votes in
international organizations or commissions for
aid, assistance or recognition
Corporations domain names (CCTLD)
(Turks Caicos/Tonga/Tuvalu/Moldova/Niue)
Criminal groups phone sex, phone scams, money
laundering (Nauru), drug cartels

145
European Union

NOT IN

?Germany ? Slovenia
?France ? Poland
?UK ? Hungary
?Belgium ? Czech Repl.
?Netherlands ? Slovak Repl.
?Italy ? Lithuania
?Spain ?East Germ.
?Portugal ? Latvia
?Ireland ? Estonia
?Greece ? Romania
?Malta ? Bulgaria
?Cyprus
?Sweden
?Denmark
?Finland

? Russia
? Ukraine
? Moldova
-- Switzerland
-- Norway

146
Aspiring

? Iceland candidate
? Croatia accepted 2013
? Turkey candidate
? Serbia aspiring
? Macedonia aspiring
? Montenegro aspiring
? Albania aspiring
? Bosnia aspiring
? Kosovo aspiring

147
What are they seeking?

Former Communist countries
values, architecture, leadership
destination, vehicle, driver
Others advantages of size stability
especially but not exclusively economic
models for policy-making behaviors

148
Largest Sovereign States 2011

Russia, Canada, China, USA, Brazil, Australia,
Argentina, EU, Indonesia, India

149
Intrinsic ADVANTAGES of Size

? Defensible
conventional / not nuclear or terrorism
? Substantial HUMAN RESOURCES
? Substantial natural resources
? Significant markets
? Attractive venues for investment
? More diverse production yielding
lower vulnerability to external forces

150
Intrinsic CHALLENGES of Size

? Create modicum of tolerance in order to deal
with diversity
? Prone to invest in defense / borders
? Providing services to large population
?Challenge of creating a government with a
centralized-decentralized balance
key relationship between center parts

151
Emerging Markets

Most dramatically growing markets
magnet for investment interest
BRIC Brazil, Russia, India, China
BRICT add Turkey
Large countries at similar stages of newly
advanced economic development

152
B.R.I.C.

Represent a shift in economic power away from
G-7 surpass by 2032
By 2050, BRIC economies will eclipse the combined
economies of the richest countries of the world.
Goldman Sachs
BRIC ¼ worlds land 40 population

153
B.R.I.C.

Indications are that they are seeking to form a
political club or alliance thereby converting
their economic power into geo-political power.
09 Yekaterinburg summit
?Chinas economy did surpass Germanys in 2007.
did surpass Japan in 2010
will surpass USA by 2027

154
B.R.I.C.

?Indias growth rate is higher than China
will surpass Japan by 2032
?BRIC currencies will appreciate by 300 over
the next 50 years boosting investors in BRIC
assets
?Taken together, in 40 years BRIC will be larger
than the US European economies
?By 2025, BRIC brings over 200 million more
people (w incomes over 15,000) into the world
economy (more than Germ, FR, UK combined)

155
GDP in 2050

China
USA
India 8. Japan
Brazil 9. UK
Mexico 10. Germany
Russia
Indonesia

156
GDP in 2050with macrostates

China
USA/Canada/Mexico
European Union
India
Brazil
Indonesia
Japan

157
Predictions

C.B.I. -- become dominant global suppliers of
manufactured goods services
B.R. -- dominant suppliers of raw materials
B. -- only country with capacity to continue all
elements simultaneously
C. -- Will have the largest equity market
capitalization by 2032

158
Shift in Relationship with IMF

? Brazil Russia both previous recipients of
IMF support
? Recently Brazil offered 10B
? Russia announced intent to offer 10B
? China announced intent to invest 50.1B
NET LENDERS!

159
BRIC formula ?

Since end of the Cold War, stressed simultaneous
reforms in
?EDUCATION
?FOREIGN INVESTMENT
?DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION
?DOMESTIC ENTREPRENEURSHIP

160
BRIC Weaknesses

?Brazil relatively SOLID
?Russia China NOT
full bodied democracies
Both threatened by disintegration
? India insecure by way of POOR relations with
neighboring states

161

11 other countries could replace the BRIC
(Goldman Sachs)
WSJ article identifies NIMVIT
Nigeria, Iran, Mexico, Vietnam, Indonesia, and
Turkey

162
Does Size Matter?

Think so
In our globalized world with an ever-accelerating
pace of change and with capital the MOST mobile
commodity in our world
SMALL IS NOT BEAUTIFUL.

163
Questions? Comments?
164
3 Ph.D.s 3 Lawyers off to a conference
165
Questions for next time

In the WTOs 15 years of operation, which country
has made the most trade complaints?
What percentage of Americans are self-described
isolationists?

166
Making Our World a More Understandable Place

? Globalization Positive Negative Visions
? Whos Your Cousin? Insights from Science
Genetics

167
Dick Farkas

Professor, Political Science, DePaul University,
Chicago
Student of Comparative Politics International
Relations
40 years of University teaching / 36 at DePaul
Most recent book DEMOCRATIZATION IN THE BALKANS
Current research Corporate Democracy, Bosnian
Constitutional Design, Political/Historical Novel
about American colonial life (GYRE)
Recreational Sailor, zealous traveler (3
circumnavigations)

168
Making Our World a More Understandable Place

Globalization
Positive and Negative Visions

169
Globalization

The integration of everything with everything
else. Thomas
Friedman
Walls are gone cant be reconstructed. TF
The integration of markets, finance, and
technology in a way that shrinks the world from a
size medium to a size small.
Globalization affects everyone but quite
differently in different places.
Secret the way to succeed in globalization is
to focus on the fundamentals reading, writing,
arithmetic.

170

More complexity leads to more instability
Robert Kaplan
Globalization is not the good news its just
the news. RK
Poverty does not lead to revolutions
development does.

171
Globalization New Term, Old Dynamic

History
World Bank, IMF, GATT
Acceleration
WTO
Debt

172
Who are the players?

?Political players
states, sub-state players, NGOs, interest
groups,
individuals, media
?Economic players
consumers, producers, states, other states,
enterprises, elites, regional-global
organizations
criminal organizations
?Social players
religious organizations, moral leaders,
revolutionaries, philosophers

173
What tools does a state system (government) have
to manage an economy?

? Control rate at which people save
? Maintain competition among companies
? Increase education
? Increase mobility
? Develop new technology
? Redistribute wealth

174
Capitalism driving force

?Logic of costs payoffs
?Dynamic adaptive
?Individual motivation / incentives
?Choices
?Inequality
?Profit-centered

175
More Capitalism

?Efficiency
?Preponderance of non State ownership
?Competition / pluralism
?Markets / demand

176
John Maynard Keynes,

Capitalism is the extraordinary belief that the
nastiest of men for the nastiest of motives will
somehow work for the benefit of all.

177
Markets

?Characterized by the exchange of goods and
services
?Who influences MARKETS?
consumers, producers, states, other states,
enterprises, elites, regional and global
organizations

178
Marketeers the Problems They Create

Hedging, Swaps, Options, Derivatives,
Index trading, Junk bonds
Casino Capital
Pinball Capital money invested in short-term
speculative places

179
Corporate Consolidation Control

Does GLOBALIZATION endow massive MNCs with power
beyond any state?
? Does become a competing identity.
? Does force recognition of new actors.
? Does enable shifting operations to the
disadvantage of sovereign states

180
Giant Corporations Gain Immense Power

Not clear
the proportion of output from big companies has
declined!
Advantage to challengers / competitors
new technology capital fewer barriers easier
market access

181
Globalization CULTURE

?What is it? How defined?
economically, linguistically, artistically,
politically, intellectually
?Is there good culture and bad culture?
?Is there high culture and low culture?
?Are there inferior cultures?
?Is it something to be maintained?
?Does something or somebody THREATEN culture?
?Who generates culture?

182
Homogenizing CULTURE

Superficial behaviors or deeply rooted change?
?Pizza example
?China business culture seeping into the CP

183
GLOBALIZATION

? Linking and/or Leveling
or something else?
? Dependency real
? Debt creates shared interests
? Risk spread
? Poverty ebb flow not diminished
? Engineering change without GLOBAL
perspective

184
The many dimensions of GLOBALIZATION

? Political IOs, treaties, gov interface
?Technological internet, communication
?Personal travel, tourism, ex-pats
?Economic trade, investment, capital flows
?Education study abroad, foreign students,
academic exchange, joint research

185
GLOBALIZATION Balance SheetThe Arguments

NEGATIVE

POSITIVE

Lost jobs
Lost cultural identity
Lost democratic rights
Lost clean air water
Triumph of giant companies

Mobility to sell labor / ideas
Webs of dependency
Mutual interests? stability
Non-violent mechanisms for
conflict resolution
Knowledge awareness ?
vehicle for engagement

186
Globalization Language

6800 known living languages
Roughly 1000 languages in the Pacific
Americas
Roughly 2000 in Asia Africa
230 in Europe
Chinese most spoken today
By 2050 Chinese 3X English Hindi-Urdu, Spanish
Arabic will catch up to English
English will remain the language of global
commerce

187
Forms of Dependency

?Products
?Finances
?Currency
?Markets
?Exchanges
?Alliances

188
Measuring GLOBALIZATION

The ACADEMIC answer
Economic integration trade FDI
Technological connectivity internet users,
internet hosts, secure servers
Personal contact travel, communication,
remittances
Political engagement membership support for
IOs, treaties, peacekeeping

189
Leaders in globalization

Political Austria
Technological USA
Personal Switzerland
Economic Ireland
Overall ranking Ireland, Singapore,
Switzerland

190
Next two tiers

Netherlands, Finland, Canada, USA, New Zealand,
Austria, Denmark, Sweden,
UK, Australia, Czech Republic, France, Portugal,
Norway, Germany, Slovenia, Malaysia
European small (perspective altered by EU)

191
Broadly linear pattern

?Life Expectancy Globalization
Countries with longer life expectancy are also
those with higher globalization rankings
? Not causal relationship

192
Globalization Religious ParticipationTop
half

No correlation except in Ireland, USA, Portugal,
Spain
Places where religious participation surpasses
globalization Italy, Slovakia, Portugal, Spain

193
Globalization Religious Participation(bottom
half)

In ALL countries religious participation far
exceeds globalization except in China, Russia,
Ukraine, Taiwan, South Korea
Correlation Less globalization/more religious
participation NOT CAUSAL

194
Religion Changing

Religion intensifies with development
urbanization. Responds to economic change with
stricter premises. RK

195
Globalization Gender-related Development

Clear linear correlation
More globalization ? women better off

196
Bottom 10

Least Globalized (in the study of 62)
Iran, India, Egypt, Indonesia, Venezuela, China,
Bangladesh, Turkey, Kenya, Brazil

197
Questions Comments
198
Groucho on UNIVERSITIES
199
Making Our World a More Understandable Place

? Whos Your Cousin?
Insights from Science Genetics

200
Questions for next time

Which country has the highest percentage of women
in parliament?
How much water does it take to produce the food
an average person eats in a day?

201
Making Our World a More Understandable Place

Whos Your Cousin?

202
Scientist or Humanist?

If new information generated carefully and
responsibly suggested a reality that is new to
you, would you
Believe it because it was scientifically
established (scientist)
Believe whatever you did before because it
complies with your personal experiences
(humanist)

203
Seven Daughters of Eve

Bryan Sykes, The Science that Reveals
Our Genetic Ancestry
DNA the Genome
The DNA in every cell of our bodies carries a
message from our ancestors
Genetic material reveals clues to the whole
history of the human race

204
Conclusion

To my astonishment, we are all connected through
our mothers to only a handful of women living ten
thousand years ago.
Iceman was found in the Alps frozen 5000 years
ago. Sykes found a person with identical DNA
his own lab worker!

205
All persons living today with a European
heritage, have an unbroken genetic link to just
seven women.

?At least 650 million people are direct
maternal ancestors of just seven women
?17,000 years ago (Ice Age) only survivable on
edge of Med
?founder sequences date back 45,000 yrs

206
DNADeoxyribonucleic Acid

?like two long coils of intertwined string
?double helix
?four components nucleotide bases
?A adrenine C cytosine G guanine T thymine
?DNA doesnt do anything !!
?It directs proteins to do things different
sequences send different instructions.

207
Example