Acclimatization effects on final rectal temperature, heart rate, and sweat rate,

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acclimitization
Acclimatization effects on final rectal
temperature, heart rate, and sweat rate, for a
group of men exposed daily to 2 hr of hard work
in a hot environment. (after Leithead CS, Lind
AR. Heat Stress and Heat Disorders. 1964.
Philadelphia, Pa. FA Davis Co, 304.
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EMILI GARCÍA-BERTHOU Ontogenetic Diet Shifts and
Interrupted Piscivory in Introduced Largemouth
Bass (Micropterus salmoides) Internat. Rev.
Hydrobiol. 87 2002 4 353363
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Life Table
Fall 2005
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Notes on Evolution,Natural Selection, and
Speciation
Fall 05 Start
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One picture of evolution
What is going on before a split? How did the
splits occur? What is speciation?
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Types of evolution
Mainland
?NA
migration

• Macro
• Micro
• Gene flow (E and I)
• In isolated populations
• Migrating indivs. start breeding
• Immigrants can add new alleles
• Not necessarily random
• Genetic Drift
• Random mating in small populations
• Causes relative success of only a fraction of
  individuals
• Population bottlenecks (large population)
• Founder effects (small population)

?NA
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• Natural Selection
• Differential contribution of offspring to next
  generation by individuals in a population
• Not Random

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Recall Normal curve of phenotypic
variation Height of students in class
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Another way to look at it

• Directional Selection

Fitness
Trait
Trait
Negative Directional Selection
Positive Directional Selection
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Peppered Moth Biston betularia
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• Stabilizing selection

Fitness
average trait value
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Egg laying wasp that eventually kills the cactus
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Malaria and Sickle Cell Anemia

• SSA caused by mutation in the past

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• Disruptive Selection

Fitness
average trait value
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Black-bellied seed cracker (Pyrenestes ostrinus)
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• Smith, T. B. 1990. Evolution. 44(4)832
• Black-bellied seed crackers (Pyrenestes) in
  Cameroon

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Same birds different studyOpen portion of bar
Number hatchedBlack portion of bar Number
survived
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Two more types of selection
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• Correlational working on combinations of traits
  at once.

(body size)
(Wing length)
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• Frequency Dependent Selection Level of
  selection dependent upon most common phenotype
  (at the time)

Genyochromis Scale eater
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Scalebiters frequency dependent selection
Right mouthedness
Left mouthedness
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Frequency of left mouthedness
Frequency of right mouthedness
Time
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• Selection can lead to speciation
• Speciation
• Splitting of one species into two or more species
  (cladistic or punctuated).
• Transformation of one species into a new species
  over time (gradual or anagenic).

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Anagenetic (gradual) versus Cladistic
(punctuated) Speciation
A
B
TIME
A
PHENOTYPIC VARIATION
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Species

• Many, many definitions
• Biological species definition A group of
  actually or potentially breeding individuals
  which are reproductively isolated from all other
  groups.
• Doesnt work in all situations
• Fossils
• Asexual organisms

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Isolating mechanisms

• Prezygotic
• Postzygotic -

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Prezygotic I.M.s

• Habitat isolation
• Dendroica warblers in Eastern US

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Modes of speciation

• Allopatric allo different, patri fatherland
• Sympatric sym together
• Has to do with location or habitat

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Allopatric Speciation
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Speciation occurs with reproductive isolation
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Kaibab Squirrel
Grand Canyon
Aberts Squirrel
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Sympatric speciation

• Rare
• Polyploidy in plants
• Hybrids

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Evolution Speciation of Primates including Homo
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Divisions of Primates

• Prosimians (before ape)
• Lemurs
• Tarsiers
• Lorises
• Galagos

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• Lemurs

sifaka
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• Tarsier

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• Lorises and Galagos

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Slow-loris
galago
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• New World Monkeys

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• Old World Monkeys
• Baboons
• Macaques

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Asian apes

• Gibbons

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African Apes

• Chimps
• Gorillas
• Hominids
• etc

bonobo
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Hominids

• Several genera
• Homo

4w human embryo
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• Most Homonid adaptation related to bipedialism

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• Sahelanthropus tchadensis
• Toumai child
• 6-7 MYA
• Chad

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• Ardepithecus ramidus
• 5.8 4.4 MYA
• Ethiopia

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Australopithecines

• Genus Australopithecus
• Slender (gracile) forms
• A. africanus, A. afarensis
• Robust forms
• A. robustus, A. boisei, A. aethopicus

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• A. africanus
• South Africa
• 3 2 mya
• slender type

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Dr. Corbin

• A. afarensis
• Slender form
• lucy
• East Africa
• 3mya

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• A. robustus
• Robust form
• Olduvai gorge
• 1.8 mya

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Genus Homo
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• Homo habilis
• 2.0 1.9 mya
• Brain size 775 cc
• Speech centers
• Omnivore
• Olduvai gorge

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• H. habilis (cont.)

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• H. erectus
• Java
• 1.9-0.3 mya
• Brain 800-1000cc

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• H. erectus (cont)
• Extensive tool use
• Fire
• Dispersed into Europe and Asia

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• H. neanderthalensis
• 200k bp
• Neander valley
• 1450 cc

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• H. sapiens
• Cromagnon man
• 100-150k bp
• 1360 cc
• Culture

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• Timeline of Homonid evolution

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Out-of-Africa Hypothesis
Thousands of years before present
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Note on human variability

• Ethnic - of or relating to large groups of people
  classed according to common racial, national,
  tribal, religious, linguistic, or cultural origin
  or background.

Lewontin 17 genes, 7 ethnic groups
Morphological differences not adaptive
Genetic variation
a
b
c
d