Title: Welfare Reform: Implications for TANF Recipients with Disabilities Webcast on Welfare and Disability January 21, 2004
1Welfare Reform Implications for TANF
Recipients with DisabilitiesWebcast on Welfare
and DisabilityJanuary 21, 2004
-
-
-
- Eileen P. Sweeney
- Center on Budget and Policy Priorities
- 820 First St, NE, Suite 510
- Washington, DC 20002
- 202-408-1080
- fax 202-408-1056
- sweeney_at_cbpp.org
- www.cbpp.org
2- What we know about people with disabilities and
TANF - The ADA and Section 504 apply
- Whats happening in Washington?
- Talking about TANF and disability
3I. What we know about people with disabilities
and TANF
- The Urban Institutes national survey of current
welfare recipients found - 48 percent had either poor general or mental
health, with 25 reporting poor general health
and 35 reporting poor mental health. - Overall, for 32 percent either their health
limited their work or they were in very poor
mental health, with 18 reporting that their
health limits work and 22 reporting very poor
mental health.
4There is a high incidence of people with mental
impairments among parents on and off of TANF
- National information from the Urban Institute
- over one-third of current recipients scored low
on a standard mental health scale while close to
one-fourth scored in very poor mental health - approximately one-fifth of former recipients who
were not working scored very poor on the mental
health scale, placing them in the bottom 10
percent nationwide
5The General Accounting Office has confirmed that
high numbers of parents on TANF have disabilities
- 44 percent of TANF recipients reported having
physical or mental impairments, a proportion
almost three times as high as among adults in the
non-TANF population -
- 38 percent of TANF recipients in 1999 reported an
impairment severe enough that the individual was
unable or needed help to perform one or more
activities, such as walking up a flight of stairs
or keeping track of money and bills.
6GAO confirmed high numbers of parents with
mental impairments on TANF
- Considering both severe and nonsevere
impairments, 29 percent of TANF adults reported a
mental impairment, such as frequent depression or
anxiety or trouble concentrating. - GAO notes that self-reporting probably results
in underestimates of mental impairments and
hidden impairments such as learning
disabilities.
7- GAO report
- Welfare Reform More Coordinated Federal Effort
Could Help States and Localities Move TANF
Recipients with Impairments Toward Employment, - GAO-02-37, October 2001, available at
http//www.gao.gov, under November 1, 2001
8In a second report, GAO provided some additional
information
- Recipients with impairments are half as likely to
exit TANF as recipients without impairments. - People with impairments are less likely than
people without impairments to be employed after
leaving TANF. Some receive SSI, while others do
not.
9- Overall, 44 percent of TANF recipients had
impairments or were caring for a child with
impairments, compared with 15 percent of the
non-TANF population. - Fifteen percent of TANF families with an adult
recipient had a child with a disability, compared
to three percent of the non-TANF population. -
- Eight percent of TANF families had both an adult
and a child with disabilities. (Among non-TANF
families, this figure is one percent.)
10- In their first month after leaving TANF,
- 36 percent of leavers with impairments
reported having no personal or household
earnings, or SSI, compared with 23 percent of
leavers without impairments.
11- GAO report
-
- Welfare Reform Outcomes for TANF Recipients with
Impairments - GAO-02-884, July 2002, available at
http//www.gao.gov
12MDRC findings
- Based upon research in four large urban counties
Cuyahoga County, OH Los Angeles, CA Miami-Dade,
FL and Philadelphia, PA
13- MDRC Compared with national samples, women in
the survey sample had substantially higher rates
of personal health and mental health problems and
childrens health problems.
14- On a scale indicating the number of potential
health barriers to employment (out of eight
specific health problems), three out of four
women in the survey sample had at least one such
barrier, and 40 percent had two or more health
problems.
15- MDRC also found that the data do not fully
capture the severity of the health-related
hardships the families face. - In addition, about 20 percent of current welfare
recipients in the survey sample indicated that
they had one or more children with a health
problem.
16- MDRC report
- Denise F. Polit, Andrew S. London, John M.
Martinez, The Health of Poor Urban Women
Findings from the Project on Devolution and Urban
Change, May 2001 - http//www.mdrc.org/WelfareReform/UrbanChangepa
ge.htm
17- The Urban Institute has found that perhaps the
- strongest predictor of not participating in work
- activity is the presence of multiple obstacles.
-
- Loprest and Zedlewski, Current and Former
Welfare Recipients How Do They Differ? Urban
Institute, Discussion Paper 99-17, November 1999 - http//www.urban.org/html/discussion-99-17.html
-
18Some parents with disabilities have been
sanctioned off of TANF
- As many as one-fourth to one-half of parents who
are no longer receiving TANF due to a sanction
for failure to comply with the states welfare
rules indicate that they were unable to comply
with the rules because of their disability,
health condition, or illness. -
- The studies suggest that others who face learning
disabilities or who have a low IQ find it
difficult to understand and comply with the
programs rules.
19More from MDRC
- Negative experiences with the welfare agency
were more prevalent among women with health
problems. - Welfare recipients with multiple health problems
and with certain health problems (notably,
physical abuse, risk of depression, having a
chronically ill or disabled child) were more
likely than other recipients to have been
sanctioned in the prior year.
20- Welfare leavers with multiple health problems
were more likely than other women who had left
welfare to say that they had been terminated by
the welfare agency rather than that they left of
their own accord.
21- Studies in Utah and Delaware suggest that parents
who face learning disabilities or who have low
intelligence find it difficult to understand and
comply with the programs rules. - One-third of the families who were sanctioned in
Utah, thereby losing their familys entire cash
benefit, cited an individual health condition as
the reason for their failure to participate
one-fifth cited mental problems.
22- In Iowa, one-fifth of parents who were placed in
the states limited benefit plan a second time
the plan in which families that have not complied
with program rules receive a reduced benefit
(akin to a sanction) said that their
disability/health contributed to their being
returned to the sanction status, while almost
three out of ten cited their lack of
understanding of program rules. -
- Chronic health conditions identified as
contributing to being placed in the program
included drug addiction, manic depression, and
chronic asthma.
23- A study conducted by the Minnesota Department of
Human Services found that sanctioned families
were four times as likely as the caseload as a
whole to have a substance abuse problem, three
times as likely to have a family health problem,
twice as likely to have a mental health problem,
and twice as likely to have been a recent victim
of domestic violence.
24Children in sanctioned families
- A study in three cities Boston, Chicago, and
San Antonio found that children in sanctioned
families are more likely to have behavior
problems and emotional problems than children in
other families on welfare or who never received
welfare. -
-
25- The researchers concluded
-
- We need to attend much more carefully to the
plight of families experiencing welfare
sanctions. Sanctioned families have a number of
characteristics that serve as markers of concern
for the healthy development of children and
youth. As such, state and federal governments
should explore options for identifying and
reaching out to the most disadvantaged and
high-risk families involved in the welfare
system.
26- Possible policy options include assistance to
bring families into compliance with rules before
they are sanctioned, closer monitoring of
sanctioned families, and the provision of
additional supports, such as mental health
services, academic enrichment, after-school
programs, and other family support services.
27- Source
- Chase-Lansdale, Coley, Lohman, et al., Welfare
Reform What About the Children? Welfare,
Children and Families A Three-City Study, Policy
Brief 02-1, Johns Hopkins University, 2002 - http//www.jhu.edu/welfare/19382_Welfare_jan02.p
df
28A medical study issued in 2002 additional
information about young children in sanctioned
families.
- Study looked at the impact of sanctions on the
health of infants and toddlers. - Study was done in six US cities from 8/98 through
12/00 Baltimore, Boston, Little Rock, Los
Angeles, Minneapolis, and Washington, DC.
29- Households with children aged 36 months or
younger whose welfare benefits had been
terminated or reduced by sanctions had odds of
being food insecure 1.5 times as great as
comparable households whose benefits were not
decreased. -
- Young children in families whose welfare benefits
had been terminated or reduced by sanctions had
1.3 times the odds of having been hospitalized
since birth.
30- Conclusion Terminating or reducing benefits by
sanctions, or decreasing benefits because of
changes in income or expenses, is associated with
greater odds that young children will experience
food insecurity and hospitalizations. - Source
- Childrens Sentinel Nutrition Assessment
Program, The Impact of Welfare Sanctions on the
Health of Infants and Toddlers, July 2002, Arch
Pediatr Adolesc Med, Vol 156, 678-683, available
at - http//dcc2.bumc.bu.edu/csnappublic/welfaresancti
ons.htm
31TANF programs serve many families with severe
disabilities policies need to be responsive to
this important fact
- At the beginning of welfare reform, work first
approach - People labeled as hard to serve welfare
offices had simply exempted people in the past
and then often ignored them. - Same folks that others particularly
organizations that have been working with people
with disabilities knew how to help to gain
greater independence.
32Over time, state TANF programs have tended to
modify their work first approaches
- Recognize that there are many people with
barriers, including disabilities, on TANF - See people cycling back onto the rolls
- Know that many who leave TANF are not working and
do not receive SSI - Realize that many who are being sanctioned do not
understand how to comply, the consequences of
failing to comply, or have the ability to comply
33In addition to pre-sanction review mechanisms,
some states have been improving screening and
assessment earlier in the process
- Those that have done this like Iowa have
found that fewer people are out of compliance and
fewer people are being sanctioned.
34II. States and counties are legally obligated
to comply with the federal civil rights laws
- Section 504 and the Americans with Disabilities
Act (ADA) apply - Lest there be any question, the 1996 TANF law
specifically incorporates the key federal civil
rights laws.
35Common goals of TANF and ADA/504 dovetail
- Success in complying with the ADA and Section 504
can create exactly the types of results Congress
hoped for in TANF
36HHS OCR Guidance on TANF and the ADA/504
- ? Available at
- http//www.hhs.gov/ocr/prohibition/html
- ? Worth reading, re-reading, and sharing
provides helpful context for thinking about
people with disabilities in TANF also helpful
information about best practices
37Two key principles
- Individualized treatment
- Effective and meaningful opportunity
38Individualized treatment
- Requires that individuals with disabilities be
treated on a case-by-case basis consistent with
facts and objective evidence - Individuals with disabilities may not be treated
on the basis of generalizations and stereotypes.
39Effective and meaningful opportunity
- Individual with disabilities must be afforded the
opportunity to benefit from TANF programs that is
as effective as the opportunity the TANF agency
affords to individuals who do not have
disabilities, and must also be afforded
meaningful access to TANF programs.
40To implement these two principles, there are 3
key legal requirements
- Ensure equal access through the provision of
appropriate services - Modify policies, practices and procedures to
provide such access - Adopt non-discriminatory methods of administration
41- When thinking about the rules, it is important to
remember that they apply not only to a person
with disabilities who is the caretaker relative,
but also to family members with a disability.
42These rules should be infused into
everything the TANF agency, its agents, and
contractors do.
43These rules apply no matter what position the
person holds
- Policy maker/policy implementer
- Office manager/supervisor
- Case worker
- Receptionist
- Security officer
44- The person who designs the states or countys
notices and signage - Vocational specialist
- Trainer/trainee
- Contract procurement specialist
45And, also more globally in how the office
functions
- In the contents of notices
- In the signage about rights
- In the terms included in contracts with
private providers or other public agencies to
provide services - In how the agency thinks about each and every
policy it has that affects the people the agency
serves and their families.
46The important role of reasonable accommodations
- Must happen at different levels built into
policies - Staff must have the ability to design
accommodations on a case-by-case basis, taking
into account the individuals disability.
47- Contractors must know that they can make the
changes needed to serve the person with a
disability and that the state or county will
pay them. - Important to consult with the person to see what
he or she thinks will work what he or she
needs to succeed.
48What kinds of steps are reasonable accommodations?
- Allowing an individual to do work activities
part-time, or during flexible hours. - Providing support services such as equipment, a
job coach, or tutor. - Placing a person in inactive status if
necessary to allow the individual to participate
in health, mental health, or substance abuse
treatment or rehabilitation services, if the
individual chooses to do so.
49- Providing the individual with work activities in
a specific work environment (including indoor
work, work in a quiet area) that enables the
individual to participate in work activities - Providing the individual with particular types of
jobs or work activities that are consistent with
the individuals limitations, such as work that
requires limited standing or lifting, or that
involves limited contact with the public.
50- Clients must be allowed to do things at
different times/places or for a different amount
of time when needed because of a disability.
Some examples - If the person has a disability and cant come to
the agency for the application interview, a home
visit must be provided. - Allowing a client to reschedule a fair hearing
when there is good cause (including a
disability-related reason)
51- If a person needs longer to complete an education
program due to his/her disability, extend the
time to allow the person to enter into and/or
complete the program. - A person can ask for an application on someone
elses behalf (i.e., someone who cant come to
the office for a disability-related reason) and
the agency must give it to the person asking for
it or mail it to the person who wants to apply.
52- If a client has a disability and can do some
work, assigning the person to a particular work
environment (i.e., indoors) is an accommodation
to which a client may be entitled. - Assessment interview must be scheduled at a time
that doesnt conflict with medical/mental health
treatment.
53- Clients must be allowed to do less of
something, or to do something for fewer hours, or
to not do it at all, when needed because of a
disability. Examples - If a client has a disability or is a caretaker
for a household member with a disability but is
able to do some work, part-time work is an
accommodation to which a client may be entitled. - Number of job contacts during a job search must
be determined on an individual basis
disability, the disability of a household member,
and LEP must be taken into account when
determining the number.
54- Reduced number of job contacts is a reasonable
modification. - Waiver of job search in addition to part time
employment is a reasonable accommodation. - Waiver of job search or job club if it would be
futile for a person with a disability. - Working less than 30 hours if needed for a
disability-related reason.
55Caring for a family member with a disability can
affect work
- An individual who is needed on a substantially
continuous basis to care for a child or other
member of the household with a disability is not
going to be able to work outside the home. - If the care needed is part-time, then the person
may be able to do part-time work activities,
however, it will be important to ensure that the
hours involved are compatible with the need to
care for the family member with a disability.
56Agency staff must think about whether a
disability is involved at all times, but
especially whenever
- There is an issue of intent.
- There is an issue of non-compliance or lack of
cooperation. - There is a question about failure to appear for
an appointment. - Whether the person has good cause for acting or
failing to act.
57- The worker has any suspicion that a person may
have a health condition or be caring for a person
with a health condition. - A person can not read or write.
- Evidence the worker has requested has not been
provided. - A person cannot complete a task in the fixed
period generally required.
58- When assessing whether a family knew or should
have known (and when they knew or should have
known) that receipt of funds or a change in
circumstances would affect their eligibility for
or the amount of their benefits, staff must
assess whether the person has a disability that
makes it likely that the person did not
understand the consequences of receipt of the
payment or of failure to report the payment or
change in circumstances.
59- It is important that the worker continue
contact with the client once s/he has been
assigned to a work activity to make sure it is
appropriate. - Statements from the client that a particular
placement is difficult because of a health
condition should immediately raise questions.
60- If it is not appropriate, the worker should
rectify the problem possible actions include - reassigning the client to another work
activity - revising the hours, days, or times of day of
the work activity - revising the conditions under which the
activity is performed - determining that participation is not
currently feasible - stepping back and determining that another
assessment or a more in-depth assessment may be
needed in order to determine what accommodations
are needed
61- Much needs to be done to bring state TANF
programs into compliance with Section 504 and the
ADA. - Its only in the past few years that some states
have started to look more seriously at the
supports and services that parents with barriers,
including disabilities, need. - Remember to refer back to the HHS/OCR Guidance
(see slide 36)
62III. Whats happening in Washington?
- What is most surprising is that the
Administration and many in Congress still dont
think of TANF as serving people with
disabilities. - As a result, they have not designed their
proposals to address the needs of parents and
children with disabilities in TANF.
63It is important to share information with
Congress about the connection between TANF and
disability.
- Help them to ensure that their policy choices
this year help rather than harm people with
disabilities and their families.
64How would provisions in the Presidents welfare
proposal affect people with disabilities?
- Because the Presidents proposals do not increase
funding and significantly restrict states
flexibility in how they design their TANF
programs, people with disabilities in TANF are
very likely to face even bigger obstacles to
getting help in TANF than they do now.
65Where things stand in Congress right now
- The 1996 law had been set to expire at the end of
Fiscal Year 2002 (September 30, 2002). - However, it has received short extensions since
then while awaiting a complete reauthorization. - The current extension continues the program
through March 2004. - Before then, Congress will either pass a TANF
reauthorization law, another short extension, or
something in-between.
66House of Representatives
- The House of Representatives passed its bill, HR
4, on February 13, 2003. Vote was 230-192.
67Senate Finance Committee
- The Finance Committee marked up its bill, also
known as HR 4, in September 2003. - Bill awaits consideration by the full Senate,
likely to be early in 2004.
68- There are some indications that the full Senate
may consider its welfare bill in the next few
weeks. But, this could change.
69Universal engagement
- Current law
- States must ensure that adults are engaged in
work as determined by the state within 24
months. - State option to develop Individual Responsibility
Plans for recipients
70- House bill
- States must develop self-sufficiency plans for
all parents and caretakers receiving assistance
within 60 days of TANF enrollment. Plan must
detain work activities.
71- Senate Finance bill
- States must develop self-sufficiency plans for
all parents and caretakers receiving assistance
within 60 days of TANF enrollment. - States must outline in TANF plan how they intend
to require parents and caregivers to engage in
work or other sufficiency activities. - Each plan must contain activities designed to
assist the family achieve their maximum degree of
self-sufficiency, supportive services that the
state intends to provide, steps to promote child
well-being, and information on work support
assistance for which the family may be eligible.
72Assessments
- Current law
- State must conduct an initial assessment of
skills, prior work experience and employability
within 30 days of a recipients enrollment in TANF.
73- House
- Similar to current law.
- Senate Finance Committee
- Similar but also requires screening and assessing
for work barriers, work supports, other
assistance and family support services,
well-being of children.
74Work participation rates
- Current 50 FY 2003 and later
- (important role of caseload reduction credit)
- House bill 55 FY 2005, 60 FY 2006, 65 FY
2007, 70 FY 2008 - Senate Finance same as House
75Participation rate credits
- Current caseload reduction credit (CRC)
- House retains CRC, but bases it only on recent
declines in caseload
76- Senate Finance
- Replaces with an employment credit
- of families employed after leaving cash
assistance - larger credit, families w/higher earnings
- state can include families who received
short-term benefits and earned at least 1,000 in
quarter after receiving the benefit, or
TANF-funded child care, or transportation
subsidies
77- credits are capped and can not reduce a
states work rate by more than specified amounts
(40 in FY2004, declining to 20 in FY 2008)
78Hours of participation
- Current 30 hours/week
- ? if child under age 6 20 hours/week
- ? no partial credit for families engaged in
work activity, but for fewer hours - House bill 160 hours/month, regardless of
childs age
79- Senate Finance bill 34 hours/week
- ? if child is under age 6 24 hours
- ? partial credit for single parents who
- participate for 20 hours
80Important to families with disabilities
- What does universal engagement mean?
- Hours
- of hours required
- credit for partial work?
- what counts as work activity?
81What counts as work?
- Current
- Primary work activity first 20 hours
- ? paid or unpaid work, including OJT, work
experience, and community service - ? vocational educational training (12 months)
- ? job search (6 weeks)
- ? providing child care for other participants
82- Secondary hours over 20, can be
- ? any of the above
- ? job skills training
- ? education related to employment
- ? satisfactory secondary school attendance
- or participation in GED classes
83- House bill 24 hours and limits countable
activities to - ? paid or unpaid work including OJT, supervised
work experience, supervised community service - ? may count other qualified activities (state
decides) for only 3 months in any 24 month period
84- Senate Finance primary 24 hours
- ? primary activities under current law
- ? certain barrier removal activities and
education activities, up to 6 months in a 24
month period - ? in months 4-6, barrier removal activities
must be combined with some work or work readiness
activities
85- After first 24 hours of work activity, can count
- ? current law plus substance abuse
- counseling or treatment
- ? programs designed to remove barriers
- ? post-secondary education
- ? adult literacy programs or activities
- ? programs covered under a waiver
- approved for any state after 8/22/96
86- And, under Senate Finance bill, a state may deem
a single parent caring for a child with a
disability or adult relative with a disability to
meet all or part of the work requirement.
87S. 1523 The Pathways to Independence Act of 2003
- Very important development last July
- Bipartisan Senators Smith (R-OR), Jeffords
(I-VT), and Conrad (D-ND)
88S. 1523 provides
- States can count as work activity caring for a
child with a disability or an adult relative with
a disability.
89- Rehab services count as work activity according
to the following rules - ? First 3 months all
- ? Second 3 months must do some work activity
too
90- After six months
- ? Builds on partial work credits in Senate
Finance bill - ? If a person is determined to need rehab
services beyond six months, up to ½ of required
hours can be in rehab services so long as at
least ½ of required hours are in work activities.
91- Important role of the CCD TANF Task Force of the
Consortium for Citizens with Disabilities - CCD website www.c-c-d.org
92Improvements included in the Senate Finance
bill that are important to people with
disabilities
- Allows states to count as work the time that a
caretaker relative spends caring for a child with
disabilities or an adult relative with
disabilities (amendment by Senator Conrad)
93- Rehab services can count as work for 6 months,
not three (amendments by Senators Hatch and
Jeffords) - There also is modest language saying that a state
has to review the persons individual
responsibility plan prior to imposing a sanction
and make a good faith effort to meet with the
person (amendments by Senators Hatch and Kerry)
94- So, two parts of S. 1523 are included in the
Senate Finance bill caring for a child or adult
relative with a disability and allowing rehab
services to count for up to 6 months. - Advocates for people with disabilities are
working to get the last piece of S. 1523 give
states flexibility to go beyond six months on
rehab services, where needed
95IV. When talking about TANF and people with
disabilities, there are a few things to be aware
of
- 1 Despite all of your work to the contrary,
there is an assumption that if you are a person
with a disability or represent people with
disabilities, you just want exemptions from the
TANF work requirements. -
96- It is important to be clear (even if it isnt
raised by the person you are speaking with) that
that is not what you are about that you want
people with disabilities to have equal and
meaningful access to the states/countys
services and supports and you want to make sure
that people with disabilities get the chance to
move to work whenever that is appropriate.
97- 2. Twisted logic If you really care about
helping people with disabilities to move to work,
you would support increasing the hours to 40
hours per week and the work participation rate to
70 percent. Thats the only way that states are
going to be forced to address the needs of people
with disabilities and help them to go to work.
98- Whats wrong with this?
- A. Right now, its the flexibility that states
have in TANF that allows them to think creatively
about how to design programs to meet the needs of
people with disabilities. Increasing work
requirements for families and states will reduce
state flexibility and result in more people with
disabilities and other barriers being pushed out
the door into work settings, no matter how
inappropriate that may be.
99- B. Those tighter rules will increase the number
of people with disabilities who are unable to
comply with the rules and end up sanctioned and
off of the program. -
- Reducing caseloads by moving low-income people
with disabilities off TANF without jobs is not
success for the state nor for the family. - Including mandatory full-family sanctions as
the House has done will make the situation
worse. Studies already show that parents with
disabilities are being improperly sanctioned off
of TANF.
100- 3. You really shouldnt be worried about
states not having flexibility our bill will
give them lots of flexibility through the
superwaiver provision. - Thats not the flexibility that people with
disabilities need their state to have. They need
states to be able to be flexible in designing the
programs or steps, on an individual level, that
will help the person or family move to greater
independence. Depending on how it is written,
the superwaiver proposals could let states wipe
out federal laws in programs that are important
to low-income families including TANF, Food
Stamps, Title XX block grant, and housing
that could result in families no longer being
eligible for benefits they now receive. Thats
not the kind of flexibility needed.
101Useful resources from CBPP about TANF
reauthorization and/or people with disabilities
and TANF
- People with disabilities and TANF
-
- Eileen Sweeney, Recent Studies Indicate that Many
Parents Who are Current or Former Welfare
Recipients Have Disabilities or Other Medical
Conditions, Center on Budget and Policy
Priorities, February 2000, http//www.cbpp.org/2-2
9-00wel.htm -
- Eileen Sweeney, HHS Guidance Explains How Federal
Laws Barring Discrimination Against People with
Disabilities Apply in State and County TANF
Programs, Center on Budget and Policy Priorities,
February 2001, http//www.cbpp.org/2-26-01wel.htm
102- TANF Reauthorization
- Sharon Parrott, Heidi Goldberg, Shawn Fremstad,
Recycling An Unwise Proposal State Concerns and
New State Fiscal Realities Ignored in House
Republican Welfare Bill, Center on Budget and
Policy Priorities, February 2003,
http//www.cbpp.org/2-7-03tanf.htm -
-
- Sharon Parrott, Jennifer Mezey, Bush
Administration Projects That The Number of
Children Receiving Child Care Subsidies Will Fall
by 200,000 During the Next Five Years, Center on
Budget and Policy Priorities and Center for Law
and Social Policy, February 2003,
http//www.cbpp.org/2-5-03tanf.htm -
103- Martha Coven, An Introduction to TANF, Center on
Budget and Policy Priorities, January 2003, - http//www.cbpp.org/1-22- 02tanf2.htm
- Zoe Neuberger, Sharon Parrott and Wendell
Primus, Funding Issues in TANF Reauthorization,
Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, February
2002, http//www.cbpp.org/1-22-02tanf5.htm -
- Heidi Goldberg, Improving TANF Program Outcomes
for Families with Barriers to Employment, Center
on Budget and Policy Priorities, January 2002,
http//www.cbpp.org/1-22-02tanf3.htm - .
104- Sharon Parrott, Shawn Fremstad, The Senate
Finance Committees TANF Reauthorization Bill,
Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, September
2003, http//www.cbpp.org/9-9-03tanf.pdf - Key Provisions in TANF Reauthorization Bills
Passed by the Senate Finance Committee and the
House, Center on Budget and Policy Priorities and
Center for Law and Social Policy, September 2003,
http//www.cbpp.org/9-22-03tanf.pdf
105- Shawn Fremstad, Immigrants and Welfare
Reauthorization, Center on Budget and Policy
Priorities, January 2002, http//www.cbpp.org/1-22
-02tanf4.htm - Robert Greenstein, Shawn Fremstad, Sharon
Parrott, Superwaiver Would Grant Executive
Branch and Governors Sweeping Authority to
Override Federal Laws, Center on Budget and
Policy Priorities, May 2002, http//www.cbpp.org/5
-13-02tanf.pdf -