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Discourse on Method [Ren

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Discourse on Method [Ren Descartes, 1637] For it is a very remarkable thing that there are no men so dull and stupid that they cannot put words together to ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Discourse on Method [Ren


1
Discourse on Method René Descartes, 1637
For it is a very remarkable thing that there are
no menso dull and stupid that they cannot put
words togetherto convey their thoughtsthere is
noanimalthat can do the same. And this is not
because they lack the organs, for we see that
magpies and parrots can pronounce words as well
as we canOn the other handmen born deaf and
dumb, lacking organs (for) speaking usually
inventsigns by which they make themselves
understood...Furthermore, we notice variations
among animals of the same species, just as among
men, and that some are easier to train than
others. It is therefore unbelievable that a
monkey or a parrot which was one of the best of
its species should not be the equalof one of the
most stupid children if their soul were not of a
wholly different nature from ours.
2
Sarah
Premack (1976)
3
Lana pushing Lexigrams (Rumbaugh, 1976)
4
Symbols Used by Lana Sarah
5
Symbols Learned By Sarah
(Premack, 1976)
6
(No Transcript)
7
(No Transcript)
8
COLOR NAMES
RED ? APPLEYELLOW ? BANANAReplace ? with
color ofRED ? BANANA YELLOW ? APPLEReplace
? with not color of
9
  • Skinner (1957) Verbal Behavior.
  • Language is learned and can be explained by
    principles of reinforcement theory.
  • Chomsky (1959) A review of Skinners Verbal
    Behavior.
  • Language is innate.

10
(No Transcript)
11
Sentences Attributed To Chimpanzees
Mary give Sarah banana. (Sarah)Please
machine give apple. (Lana)
12
Pigeon Pecking a 4-item Sequence
13
American Sign Language
14
NIM - 4 months
15
NIM -- 8 months
16
NIM drawing
17
NIM washing dishes
18
Nim looking at a magazine
19
Teaching Signs By Imitation Molding
20
NIM SIGNING drink
21
(No Transcript)
22
Nim signing tickle
23
NIM SIGNING Apple
24
Nim signing apple!!!
25
Nim Signing teeth
26
Nim signing nose
27
NIM SIGNING Red
28
Nim signing red
29
Nim signing hat
30
Nim signing Nim
31
Nim signing hug
32
Nim signing nose
33
TEACHER Who? NIM NIM
34
NIM SIGNING, Me hug cat
35
  • Nim signing hug

36
NIM SIGNING, Me hat or Hat me
NIM SIGNING,Hug Nim or Nim hug
37
  • Nim signing
  • tree
  • there

38
Freq.play me 375me Nim 328tickle me 316eat
Nim 302more eat 287me eat 237 Nim
eat 209finish hug 187drink Nim 143more
tickle 136sorry hug 123
Nims Most Frequent Two-Sign Combinations
Freq. tickle Nim 107hug Nim 106 more
drink 99eat drink 98banana me 97Nim
me 89sweet Nim 85me play 81gum eat 79tea
drink 77grape eat 74hug me 74banana Nim 73
39
Freq.play me Nim 81eat me Nim 48eat Nim
eat 46tickle me Nim 44grape eat Nim 37banana
Nim eat 33Nim me eat 27banana eat Nim 26eat
me eat 22me Nim eat 21hug me Nim 20yogurt
eat Nim 20
Nims Most Frequent 3-sign Expressions
Freq. me more eat 19 more eat Nim 19finish
hugm Nim 18banana me eat 17Nim eat
Nim 17tickle me tickle 17apple me eat 15eat
Nim me 15give me eat 15nut Nim nut 15drink
me Nim 14hug Nim hug 14play me play 14sweet
Nim sweet 14
40
Freq.eat drink eat drink 15eat Nim
eat Nim 7banana Nim banana Nim 5drink Nim
drink Nim 5banana eat me Nim 4banana me eat
banana 4banana me Nim me 4grape eat Nim
eat 4Nim eat Nim eat 4play me Nim play 4
Nims Most Frequent 4-sign Expressions
Freq. drink eat drink eat 3drink eat me
Nim 3eat grape eat Nim 3eat me Nim
drink 3grape eat me Nim 3me eat drink
more 3me eat me eat 3me gum me gum 3me Nim
eat me 3Nim me Nim me 3tickle me Nim play 3
41
Nims Longest Utterance
Give
Orange
Me
Give
Eat
Orange
Me
Eat
Orange
Me
You.
Give
Me
Eat
Orange
Give
42
TEACHER Who? NIM NIM
43
NIM SIGNING, Me hug cat
44
MLU of Children
45
Set-up for Sherman Austin
46
Symbolic Communication Between Sherman Austin
  • Chimps are housed in adjacent rooms separated by
    a covered window.
  • Both chimps learn to use tools to obtain food
    (wrench, stick, sponge, key, straw, or money).
  • One chimpanzee requests a tool using appropriate
    lexigram.
  • Look at display panel to see which tool the other
    chimp selected.
  • Give other chimp the tool he requested.

47
Symbolic Communication Between Sherman Austin
(contd)
  • Chimp designated as the requester ( R ) observes
    experimenter place food in a particular location.
    Food is retrievable only by using the
    appropriate tool.
  • Window is uncovered.
  • R requests relevant tools from provider (P) by
    using appropriate lexigram. Display in Ps room
    indicates which one.
  • P selects tool and passes it to R through a pipe
    connecting the two rooms.
  • If P passes the correct tool, R can obtain food.

48
Jack and Jill Paradigm (Pigeons)
  • Jack (left) asks Jill (right) for a color name by
    pressing the what color? key.
  • Jill looks through the recessed screen at the
    hidden color.
  • Jill selects the symbolic name for the color
    while Jack watches.
  • Jack depresses the thank you key.
  • Jill is rewarded with food if Jack selects the
    correct color.
  • Jack is rewarded, with food.
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