323-670 ????????????? (Artificial Intelligence)

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450-101 Management Information System
Artificial Intelligence Expert Systems
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Office CS320, Computer Science Building Email
wwettayaprasit_at_yahoo.com Website
http//staff.cs.psu.ac.th/wiphada Phone
0-7428-8596
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Artificial Intelligence

• artificial intelligence
• n. (Abbr. AI)
• The ability of a computer or other machine to
  perform those activities that are normally
  thought to require intelligence.
• The branch of computer science concerned with the
  development of machines having this ability.

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Artificial Intelligence

• The subfield of computer science concerned with
  understanding the nature of intelligence and
  constructing computer systems capable of
  intelligent action.
• It embodies the dual motives of furthering basic
  scientific understanding and making computers
  more sophisticated in the service of humanity.

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Artificial Intelligence

• Many activities involve intelligent action
• problem solving, perception, learning,
  planning and other symbolic reasoning,
  creativity, language, and so forthand therein
  lie an immense diversity of phenomena.

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Artificial Intelligence

• Computer Encyclopedia
• (Artificial Intelligence) Devices and
  applications that exhibit human intelligence and
  behavior including robots, expert systems, voice
  recognition, natural and foreign language
  processing. It also
  implies the ability to learn and adapt through
  experience.

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Artificial Intelligence

• Wikipedia
• The term Artificial Intelligence (AI) was first
  used by John McCarthy who considers it to mean
  "the science and engineering of making
  intelligent machines".1
• It can also refer to intelligence as exhibited
  by an artificial (man-made, non-natural,
  manufactured) entity.

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Artificial Intelligence

• Wikipedia
• AI is studied in overlapping fields of computer
  science, psychology, neuroscience and
  engineering, dealing with intelligent behavior,
  learning and adaptation and usually developed
  using customized machines or computers.

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tic tac toe
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Tic Tac Toe
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3D Tic Tac Toe
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Artificial Intelligence Fields

1. Natural Language Processing Neural
   NetworksMachine LearningRoboticsComputer
   VisionExpert Systems

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1 Natural Language Processing

• Wikipedia
• Natural language processing (NLP) is a subfield
  of artificial intelligence and linguistics. It
  studies the problems of automated generation and
  understanding of natural human languages.
• Natural language generation systems convert
  information from computer databases into
  normal-sounding human language, and natural
  language understanding systems convert samples of
  human language into more formal representations
  that are easier for computer programs to
  manipulate.

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Natural Language Processing

• We gave the monkeys the bananas because they were
  hungry and We gave the monkeys the bananas
  because they were over-ripe.

• have the same surface grammatical structure.
  However, in one of them the word they refers to
  the monkeys, in the other it refers to the
  bananas
• the sentence cannot be understood properly
  without knowledge of the properties and behaviour
  of monkeys

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Natural Language Processing
Time flies like an arrow

• A string of words may be interpreted in myriad
  ways. For example,
• time moves quickly just like an arrow does
• measure the speed of flying insects like you
  would measure that of an arrow - i.e. (You
  should) time flies like you would an arrow.
• measure the speed of flying insects like an arrow
  would - i.e. Time flies in the same way that an
  arrow would (time them).
• measure the speed of flying insects that are like
  arrows - i.e. Time those flies that are like
  arrows
• a type of flying insect, "time-flies," enjoy
  arrows (compare Fruit flies like a banana.)

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Natural Language Processing

• "pretty little girls' school"

• English and several other languages don't specify
  which word an adjective applies to.
• For example, in the string "pretty little girls'
  school".
• Does the school look little?
• Do the girls look little?
• Do the girls look pretty?
• Does the school look pretty?

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Question Answering 2

• Mary went shopping for a new coat.
• She found a red one she really liked.
• When she got it home, she discovered that it went
  perfectly with her favorite dress.

ELIZA Q1What did Mary go shopping for? A1
............................................. Q2W
hat did Mary find she liked? A2..................
........................... Q3 Did Mary buy
anything ? A3....................................
.........
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John saw the boy in the park with a telescope.
Figure14.5 More Interaction among Components
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John saw the boy in the park with a dog.
Figure14.5 More Interaction among Components
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John saw the boy in the park with a statue.
Figure14.5 More Interaction among Components
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2 Neural Networks

• neural network also neural net n.
• A real or virtual device, modeled after the human
  brain, in which several interconnected elements
  process information simultaneously, adapting and
  learning from past patterns

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Neural Network

• Computer Encyclopedia
• neural network
• A modeling technique based on the observed
  behavior of biological neurons and used to mimic
  (imitate) the performance of a system.

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Neural Network

• It consists of a set of elements that start out
  connected in a random pattern, and, based upon
  operational feedback, are molded into the pattern
  required to generate the required results.
• It is used in applications such as robotics,
  diagnosing, forecasting, image processing and
  pattern recognition.

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Neural Network

• Accounting Dictionary
• Neural Networks
• Technology in which computers actually try to
  learn from the data base and operator what the
  right answer is to a question.

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Neural Network

• The system gets positive or negative response to
  output from the operator and stores that data so
  that it will make a better decision the next
  time.
• While still in its infancy, this technology shows
  promise for use in accounting, fraud detection,
  economic forecasting, and risk appraisals.
• The idea behind this software is to convert the
  order-taking computer into a "thinking" problem
  solver.

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Neural Network

• Britannica Concise Encyclopedia
• neural network
• Type of parallel computation in which computing
  elements are modeled on the network of neurons
  that constitute animal nervous systems.
• This model, intended to simulate the way the
  brain processes information, enables the computer
  to "learn" to a certain degree.

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Neural Network

• A neural network typically consists of a number
  of interconnected processors, or nodes. Each
  handles a designated sphere of knowledge, and has
  several inputs and one output to the network.
  Based on the inputs it gets, a node can "learn"
  about the relationships between sets of data,
  sometimes using the principles of fuzzy logic.

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Neural Network

• Neural networks have been used in pattern
  recognition, speech analysis, oil exploration,
  weather prediction, and the modeling of thinking
  and consciousness.

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Neural Network
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Neural Network
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A Neuron

• The n-dimensional input vector x is mapped into
  variable y by means of the scalar product
  and a nonlinear function mapping

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Multi-Layer Perceptron
Output vector
Output nodes
Hidden nodes
wij
Input nodes
Input vector xi
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Neural Network Training A Detailed View
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Neural Networks

• Advantages
• prediction accuracy is generally high
• robust, works when training examples contain
  errors
• output may be discrete, real-valued, or a vector
  of several discrete or real-valued attributes
• fast evaluation of the learned target function
• Criticism
• long training time
• difficult to understand the learned function
  (weights)
• not easy to incorporate domain knowledge

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Network Training

• The ultimate objective of training
• obtain a set of weights that makes almost all the
  tuples in the training data classified correctly
• Steps
• Initialize weights with random values
• Feed the input tuples into the network..... one
  by one
• For each unit
• Compute the net input to the unit as a linear
  combination of all the inputs to the unit
• Compute the output value using the activation
  function
• Compute the error
• Update the weights and the bias

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Feed-Forward Neural Network
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Neural Network Training A Conceptual View
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3 Machine Learning

• Sci-Tech Dictionary
• machine learning (m?'shen 'l?rni?)
• (computer science) The process or technique by
  which a device modifies its own behavior as the
  result of its past experience and performance.

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Machine Learning

• Wikipedia
• machine learning is concerned with the
  development of algorithms and techniques that
  allow computers to "learn".
• At a general level, there are two types of
  learning inductive, and deductive. Inductive
  machine learning methods extract rules and
  patterns out of massive data sets.

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Machine Learning

• inductive,
• Logic.
• The process of deriving general principles from
  particular facts or instances.
• Mathematics.
• A two-part method of proving a theorem involving
  an integral parameter. First the theorem is
  verified for the smallest admissible value of the
  integer. Then it is proven that if the theorem is
  true for any value of the integer, it is true for
  the next greater value. The final proof contains
  the two parts.

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Machine Learning

• inductive,
• reasoning from detailed facts to general
  principles
• Rule induction is an area of machine learning in
  which formal rules are extracted from a set of
  observations.

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Machine Learning

• deductive. Logic.
• The process of reasoning in which a conclusion
  follows necessarily from the stated premises
  inference by reasoning from the general to the
  specific.
• reasoning from the general to the particular
• Deduction is the process of drawing conclusions
  from premises

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Machine Learning

• Deduction The process of reaching a conclusion
  through reasoning from general premises to a
  specific premise.
• An example of deduction is present in the
  following syllogism
• Premise All mammals are animals.
• Premise All whales are mammals.
• Conclusion Therefore, all whales are animals.

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Machine Learning

• deduction, in logic, form of inference such that
  the conclusion must be true if the premises are
  true.
• For example,
• if we know that.. all men have two legs
• And that ..John is a man,
• it is then logical to deduce that ..John
  has two legs.

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4 Robotics

• Shakey the Robot Developed in 1969 by the
  Stanford Research Institute, Shakey was the first
  fully mobile robot with artificial intelligence.
  Seven feet tall, Shakey was named after its
  rather unstable movements. (Image courtesy of The
  Computer History Museum, www.computerhistory.org)

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Robotics

• A legged game from RoboCup 2004 in Lisbon,
  Portugal
• Team ENSCO's entry in the first Grand Challenge,
  DAVID

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Robotics

• The DARPA Grand Challenge is a race for a 2
  million prize where cars drive themselves across
  several hundred miles of challenging desert
  terrain without any communication with humans,
  using GPS, computers and a sophisticated array of
  sensors. In 2005 the winning vehicles completed
  all 132 miles of the course in just under 7 hours.

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Robotics

• robot A mechanical device that sometimes
  resembles a human and is capable of performing a
  variety of often complex human tasks on command
  or by being programmed in advance.
• A machine or device that operates automatically
  or by remote control.
• A person who works mechanically without original
  thought, especially one who responds
  automatically to the commands of others.

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Robotics

• Computer Encyclopedia
• robot
• A stand-alone hybrid computer system that
  performs physical and computational activities.
  Capable of performing many different tasks, it is
  a multiple-motion device with one or more arms
  and joints.
• Robots can be similar in form to a human, but
  industrial robots do not resemble people at all.

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Robotics

• Huey, Dewey and Louie
• Named after Donald Duck's famous nephews, robots
  at this Wayne, Michigan plant apply sealant to
  prevent possible water leakage into the car. Huey
  (top) seals the drip rails while Dewey (right)
  seals the interior weld seams. Louie is outside
  of the view of this picture. (Image courtesy of
  Ford Motor Company.)

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Robotics

• Inspect Pipes from the Inside
• Developed by SRI for Osaka Gas in Japan, this
  Magnetically Attached General Purpose Inspection
  Engine (MAGPIE) goes inside gas pipes and looks
  for leaks. This unit served as the prototype for
  multicar models that perform temporary repairs
  while capturing pictures. (Image courtesy of SRI
  International.)

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Robotics

• Computers Making Computers
• Robots, whose brains are nothing but chips, are
  making chips in this TI fabrication plant. (Image
  courtesy of Texas Instruments, Inc.)

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Robotics

• How Small Can They Get?
• By 2020, scientists at Rutgers University believe
  that nano-sized robots will be injected into the
  bloodstream and administer a drug directly to an
  infected cell. This robot has a carbon nanotube
  body, a biomolecular motor that propels it and
  peptide limbs to orient itself.

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Robotics

• ASIMO,
• a humanoid robot manufactured by Honda.

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5 Computer Vision
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Computer Vision

• Computer vision
• The technology concerned with computational
  understanding and use of the information present
  in visual images.
• In part, computer vision is analogous (similar)
  to the transformation of visual sensation into
  visual perception in biological vision.

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Computer Vision

• For this reason the motivation, objectives,
  formulation, and methodology of computer vision
  frequently intersect with knowledge about their
  counterparts in biological vision. However, the
  goal of computer vision is primarily to enable
  engineering systems to model and manipulate the
  environment by using visual sensing.

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Computer Vision

• Field of robotics in which programs attempt to
  identify objects represented in digitized images
  provided by video cameras, thus enabling robots
  to "see."
• Much work has been done on stereo vision as an
  aid to object identification and location within
  a three-dimensional field of view. Recognition of
  objects in real time.

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Computer Vision

• Vision based biological species identification
  systems

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Computer Vision

• Artist's Concept of Rover on Mars,
• an example of an unmanned land-based vehicle.
  Notice the stereo cameras mounted on top of the
  Rover. (credit Maas Digital LLC)

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Image Processing Fields
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Digital Image Processing

• Image
• An image is a two-dimensional signal

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Digital Image Processing

• Digital Image
• A digital image is a two-dimensional signal with
  a countable domain and a countable range

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Histogram
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2
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Image Enhancement
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Line Detection
Image Segmentation

• horizontal,... 45 degree,.. vertical... and -45
  degree masks
• Horizontal mask will result with max response
  when a line passed through the middle row of the
  mask with a constant background.
• the similar idea is used with other masks.
• note the preferred direction of each mask is
  weighted with a larger coefficient ....(i.e.,2)
  than other possible directions.

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Example
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7 Expert Systems

• expert systemn. Computer Science.
• A program that uses available information,
  heuristics, and inference to suggest solutions to
  problems in a particular discipline.

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Expert Systems

• Expert systems
• Methods and techniques for constructing
  human-machine systems with specialized
  problem-solving expertise.
• The pursuit of this area of artificial
  intelligence research has emphasized the
  knowledge that underlies human expertise and has
  simultaneously decreased the apparent
  significance of domain-independent
  problem-solving theory. In fact, new principles,
  tools, and techniques have emerged that form the
  basis of knowledge engineering.

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Expert Systems

• Expertise consists of knowledge about a
  particular domain, understanding of domain
  problems, and skill at solving some of these
  problems.
• Knowledge in any specialty is of two types,
  public and private.
• Public knowledge includes the published
  definitions, facts, and theories which are
  contained in textbooks and references in the
  domain of study. But expertise usually requires
  more than just public knowledge.

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Expert Systems

• Human experts generally possess private knowledge
  which has not found its way into the published
  literature.
• This private knowledge consists largely of rules
  of thumb or heuristics.
• Heuristics enable the human expert to make
  educated guesses when necessary, to recognize
  promising approaches to problems, and to deal
  effectively with erroneous or incomplete data.

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Expert Systems
Category Problem addressed
Interpretations Inferring situation descriptions from sensor data
Prediction Inferring likely consequences of given situations
Diagnosis Inferring system malfunctions from observables
Design Configuring objects under constraints
Planning Designing actions
Monitoring Comparing observations to plan vulnerabilities
Debugging Prescribing remedies for malfunctions
Repair Executing a plan to administer a prescribed remedy
Instruction Diagnosing, debugging, and repairing students' knowledge
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ReferenceArtificial Intelligence second
edition, Elaine Rich and Kevin Knight,
McGraw-Hill Inc., 1991.James
A. OBrien and George M. Marakas, Management
Information Systems, 8th edition, McGraw-Hill
/Irwin, 2008
The End
The road to success is always
under construction
Jim Miller
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Q A
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http//www.thai2english.com
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http//translate.google.com
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http//translate.google.com
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Text to speech
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http//teachrose.com/rose/src/talk.php
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Expert systems
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http//www.youtube.com/watch?v-e21jpWhqVMfeature
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KM
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