Value Added Bioproducts and Bioenergy from Agricultural Residues

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Value Added Bioproducts and Bioenergy from
Agricultural Residues

• Zhiyou Wen

Department of Biological Systems Engineering,
Virginia Tech,
January 20, 2006
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Outline

• Byproducts utilization concept and
  opportunities
• Case I Omega-3 fatty acids production from
  potato and
• biodiesel waste
• Case II Bioenergy production from animal
  manure

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Concept for Byproducts Utilization
Bio-Products Bioenergy
Fuels, Powers, Chemicals Ethanol Renewable
Diesel Electricity or Heat Plastics, resins,
foams Phenolic resins Solvents, cleaning
fluids Chemical Intermediates Adhesives Fatty
acids Carbon black Paints, coatings Dyes,
Pigments, and Ink Detergents Hydraulic fluids
Conversion Processes
Feedstocks
Anaerobic digestion Fermentation Biochemical
conversions Thermal conversions Chemical
conversions
Agricultural Residue Food Processing
Waste Industrial Waste Animal Waste
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Future Market for Bioenergy and Bioproducts
Goal Area 2001 (baseline) 2010 2020 2030
BioPower Percentage total of electricity heat 3 4 5 5
BioFuels Percentage of transportation fuels 0.5 4 10 20
BioProducts - Percentage of bulk chemicals 5 12 18 25

Annual Report to Congress on the Biomass Research
and Development (USDA-DOE)
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Case Studies on Byproduct Utilization
Feedstocks
Bio-conversion Processes
Multiple Bioproducts
Potato/Biodiesel wastes Algae
Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Anaerobic bacterial Biogas
Animal Manure
Algae Liquid
biofuels
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Case I Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids from
Potatoes and Biodiesel Wastes
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?-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
--- Chemical structure

• EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid, 205 ?-3)
• 
  
• DHA (docosahexaenoic acid, 226 ?-3)

COOH
COOH
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Metabolisms of ?-3 Fatty Acids
Food chain

• Acetyl-CoA
• Oleic acid (181 ?-9)
• Vegetable food
• Linoleic acid
  Arachidonic acid
  Prostaglandin G2
• (182 ?-6)
  (AA, 204 ?-6)
•  
•   Linolenic acid
  Leukotrienes4 PGI2
  TXA2
• (183 ?-3)
• 
  Leukotrienes5
  PGI3 TXA3
•   Marine food
• Eicosapentaenoic acid
  Eicosapentaenoic acid Prostaglandin
  G3
• (EPA, 205 ?-3)
  (EPA, 205 ?-3)
•  
• Docosahexaenoic acid Docosahexaenoic
  acid Infants brain and retina cells
• (DHA, 226 ?-3)
  (DHA, 226 ?-3)

Human metabolism
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?-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
--- Significance

• Beneficial effects on human health
• --- Alzheimers disease
• --- Cardiovascular diseases
• --- Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
• --- Inflammatory and immune diseases
• --- Infant brain and retina development
  (DHA)

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Examples of Omega-3s Food Products
--- Infant formula
Omega-3 (DHA)
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Examples of Omega-3s Food Products
--- Eggs
Omega-3
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Examples of Omega-3s Food Products
--- Dog food
Omega-3
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?-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
--- Sources
Traditional (Commercial) Source
Fish oil Peculiar taste
odor Complex fatty acids profile Heavy metal
contamination Fish stock fluctuation
Alternative source Microalgae
Photoautotrophic Culture
(Light CO2) (Open ponds/photobioreactors)
Light limitation!
Heterotrophic Culture (Darkness Organic
carbon) (well controlled fermentors) High
Omega-3 Level
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Omega-3 Fatty Acids from Potato/Biodiesel Waste
(glycerol)
Algal fermentation
Potatoes
Glycerol
Oilseeds (triglyceride)
Feed
Omega-3 milk
Cow stomach extractor
Biodiesel
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Feeding Omega-3s Algae to Cows
--- Milk Compositions
Omega-3
Franklin et al., 1999. Dietary marine algae
increased concentrations of conjugated linoleic
docosahexaenoic (DHA) and transvaccenic acids in
milk of dairy cows. Journal of Nutrition. 129
2048-2052.
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Challenges

• Omega-3 algae production
• Feedstock supply quantity and quality
  control

• Animal feeding
• Partially degradation of omega-3 fatty
  acids in animal bodies

• Omega-3 food products
• Consumers awareness of omega-3s

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Case IIBioenergy from Animal Manure
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Existing Manure Management Practices

• 160 million tons (dry) animal manure per year in
  the U.S.
• Dairy/cattle manure is the biggest part (75)
  among them

Land Application
Lagoon
Problems Odor Methane emissions Excess
nutrients
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Bioenergy production from animal manure
----Motivation

• Greenhouse gas emission global warming
• Environmental issues odor problems excess
  nutrients
• Energy prices are increasing

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Two forms of bioenergy from animal manure

• Biogas

Anaerobic bacteria Anaerobic digestion process

• Liquid fuels

Oleaginous Algae Algal cultivation
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Biogas Production by Anaerobic Digestion
Heating/Electricity
Methane
Anaerobic Digester
Inorganic N,P
Organic N,P
L
Magnesium
Nutrient extractor
Solid/ Liquid Separator
Fresh Manure
Sugars
Struvite Fertilizer
S
Crude Fiber
Fungal Reactor
Undigested Fiber
Solids Reactor
Enzyme
Soil Amendment
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Concept for liquid fuels production
Thermochemical liquefaction
Combustible oil
Alkaline Catalysis
Animal waste water (N, P, and other elements)
Algal Biomass
Lipid (triglyceride)
Biodiesel
Extraction
Gasoline Light cycle oil Heavy cycle oil
Hydrocarbon
Catalytic cracking
Extraction
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Algal Production Systems
Settling pond (algae harvesting)
Paddle wheel (mixing)
Open raceway (algal growth)
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Bioenergy from animal manure
--Challenges

• High capital and operation cost

• Low yield of biogas

• Competition from other types of energy

Still NOT Economical
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Our vision Future animal manure
management system
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Thank You

• BSE extension publication Engineering Update
• http//www.bse.vt.edu/BSE_Outreach/publicati
  on.php

• Departmental website
• http//bse.vt.edu
• http//www.bse.vt.edu/BSE_Dept/Faculty.phpW
  en

• Email me
• wenz_at_vt.edu