Columbian Exchange

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Columbian Exchange

• Chapter 4 Section 4

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Columbian Exchange AndHow did it change the
World?

• What is the

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Impact on Native Americans

• Europeans were learning of the profitability of
  the plantation system relying on what?
• Economic benefit of using local forced labor
• Disease Europeans, unknowingly brought
  measles, mumps, chickenpox, smallpox, typhus and
  others.
• The local people had no built-up natural immunity
  to these diseases yet.

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Impact on Africans

• With decline of native work force, labor was
  needed from elsewhere.
• Slave trade exploded, especially in W. Africa
• Over the next 300 years (1500-1800) appx 10
  million people were taken

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Impact on Europeans

• Europeans began to cross the Atlantic creating
  one of the largest voluntary migrations in world
  history.
• Overseas expansion inflamed national rivalries in
  Europe causing conflict.
• Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 (Spain Vs. Portugal)
• Growth of trade markets completely changed the
  world
• FOREVER!

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The Columbian Exchange

• Voyages launched large-scale contact between
  Europe and Americas.
• Interaction with Native Americans led to sweeping
  cultural changes.
• Contact between the two groups led to the
  widespread exchange of plants, animals, and
  diseasethe Columbian Exchange.

The introduction of beasts of burden to the
Americas was a significant development from the
Columbian Exchange. The introduction of the horse
provided people in the Americas with a new source
of labor and transportation.
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Effects of the Columbian Exchange

• Different Foods
• Exchange of foods, animals had dramatic impact on
  later societies
• Over time crops native to Americas became staples
  in diets of Europeans
• Foods provided substantial nutrition, helped
  people live longer

• Economics and Gastronomics
• Activities like Texas cattle ranching, Brazilian
  coffee growing not possible without Columbian
  Exchange cows, coffee native to Old World
• Traditional cuisines changed because of Columbian
  Exchange

• Italian Food Without Tomatoes?
• Until contact with Americas, Europeans had never
  tried tomatoes
• Most Europeans thought tomatoes poisonous
• By late 1600s, tomatoes had begun to be included
  in Italian cookbooks

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The Exchange can be positive or negative in its
effects

• In the exchange that started along the coast of
  Newfoundland and was made widespread by Columbus,
  disease was the most negative for the Native
  American population
• Fatality rate over a period of two to three
  generations was 95 for many tribal groups
• In some cases, as in the Mohegans case, the
  fatality rate could be 100 percent

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Europeans believed that it was Gods will that
Indians died

• No germ theory at the time of contact.
• Illness in Europe was considered to be the
  consequence of sin
• Indians, who were largely heathen or
  non-Christian were regarded as sinners thus
  subject to illness as a punishment

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• The Introduction of New Diseases
• Native Americans had no natural resistance to
  European diseases
• Smallpox, measles, influenza, malaria killed
  millions
• Population of central Mexico may have decreased
  by more than 30 percent in the 10 years following
  first contact with Europeans

• Devastating Impact
• Native American population continued to decline
  for centuries
• Inca Empire decreased from 13 million in 1492 to
  2 million in 1600
• North American population fell from 2 million in
  1492 to 500,000 in 1900but disease not only
  factor in decrease of population
• Intermittent warfare, other violence also
  contributed

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Old World Diseases

• European disease was particularly virulent
• Smallpox, measles, diphtheria, whooping cough,
  chicken pox, bubonic plague, scarlet fever and
  influenza were the most common diseases
• Nearly all of the European diseases were
  communicable by air and touch.
• The pathway of these diseases was invisible to
  both Indians and Europeans

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Effects Widespread

• Effects of Columbian Exchange felt not only in
  Europe, Americas
• China
• Arrival of easy-to-grow, nutritious corn helped
  population grow tremendously
• Also a main consumer of silver mined in Americas
• Africa
• Two native crops of Americascorn, peanutsstill
  among most widely grown
• Scholars estimate one-third of all food crops
  grown in world are of American origin

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Mercantilism
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Balance of Trade

• Mercantilists built wealth two ways
• extract gold, silver from mines at home, in
  colonies
• sell more goods than it bought from foreign
  countries, creating favorable balance of trade
• With favorable balance of trade, country received
  more gold, silver from other nations than it paid
  to them
• Increased its power weakened foreign competitors

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Controlling Sources

• Third approach for favorable balance of trade,
• Controlling Sources
• Nation that controlled own sources would not need
  to import from competing nations
• Why important
• Country did not need to spend own money to obtain
  raw materials
• Foreign countries considered rivals, might become
  active enemy, cut off supply of raw materials
• European nations worked to become more
  self-sufficient
• Nations began to establish colonies

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Colonies
Building colonial empires essential to
mercantilist system
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Summarize What were the main principles of
mercantilism?

• Answer
• nation's strength depended upon its wealth
• needed a favorable balance of trade

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Commercial Revolution

• What The transition (change) from Mercantilism
  then to Capitalism IS the
• COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION
• When 16th -17th centuries
• Who/Where Europeans European countries
  colonies
• Why? changes in commerce (trade) money making
  methods
• Changes in the power structure btwn countries
• Why Care?Influenced todays financial dealings
  (the way we do business)

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Commercial Revolution

• CAUSE
• new wealth dramatic growth in overseas trade
  new business and trade practices
• EFFECTS
• set the stage for the development of CAPITALISM
• Basis of todays financial practices

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The Rise of Capitalism
Increasing trade between Europe and colonies
created new business and trade practices during
the 1500s and 1600s. These practices would have a
great impact on the economies of European nations.
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• Rising Prices (INFLATION)
• Investors took risks of investing in overseas
  trade because of inflation
• Inflation steady increase in prices
• Demand for goods increased due to growing
  population, scarcity of goods rising demand
  drove prices higher

• Money Supply
• Increase of money supply another factor in higher
  prices (INFLATION)
• Shiploads of gold, silver flowed into Europe from
  Americas to be made into new coins
• Over time, increase of money in circulation
  pushed prices for goods still higher

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A New Business Organization

• New Ventures
• Overseas business ventures often too expensive
  for individual investors
• Investors began pooling money in joint-stock
  companies

• Joint-Stock Companies
• Investors bought shares of stock in company
• If company made profit, each shareholder received
  portion

• Shares
• Profit, loss based on number of shares owned
• If company failed, investors lost only amount
  invested

• Financing Colonies
• British East India Company, one of first
  joint-stock companies
• 1600, imported spices from Asia
• Others formed to bear cost of establishing
  colonies

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So What is CAPITALISM

• Economic System based on
• private ownership
• investment of wealth for profit
• Free Trade
• Cause overseas colonization trade lots of
  merchants getting RICH!
• And they continued to invest in trade to get
  RICHER (increase profits)
• AND then they re-invested more to get even
  RICHER!