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A Review of Time Integrated PM2.5 Monitoring Data in the United States

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Title: A Review of Time Integrated PM2.5 Monitoring Data in the United States


1
A Review of Time Integrated PM2.5 Monitoring Data
in the United States
  • Kenneth L. Demerjian
  • Atmospheric Sciences Research Center
  • University at Albany SUNY
  • United Nations Economic Commission for European
    (UNECE)
  • European Monitoring and Evaluation Program (EMEP)
  • Workshop on Particulate Matter (PM) Measurement
    and ModelingApril 20-23, 2004
  • New Orleans, LA

2
U.S. EPA PM National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Pollutant Standard/Type
Particulate Matter (PM 10) 50 mg/m3 annual mean /PS 150 mg/m3 24-hr /PS
Particulate Matter (PM 2.5) 15 mg/m3 annual mean /PS 65 mg/m3 24-hr /PS
3
Daily Distribution of 24-hr PM2.5 Mass from 17
NYC FRM Monitors
4
NYC 2002 FRM MonitorsAnnual Distribution of
24-hr PM Mass
5
(No Transcript)
6
PM Speciation Network Samplers
Speciation Sampler 24-hr Sample Volume (m3) OC Blank Correction Factor (ug/m3)
Met One SASS 9.6 1.4
Anderson RASS 10.4 1.28
RP 2300 14.4 0.93
URG MASS 16.7 0.56
IMPROVE 32.8 0.4
STN 1 in three day operation three simultaneous
filters Nylon IC, Teflon XRF, Quartz OC/EC
7
MET ONE Spiral Aerosol Speciation Sampler (SASSTM)
8
STN Monitoring Sites October 2001 September
2002
9
Spatial Distribution of STN/FRM Annual PM2.5 Mass
October 2001 September 2002
10
STN Annual PM2.5 Mass FRM vs. STN
11
STN Annual Composition
12
Spatial Distribution of STN Annual PM2.5_SO4 Mass
October 2001 September 2002
13
Annual Sulfate Fraction of PM2.5 Mass
14
Spatial Distribution of STN Annual PM2.5_NO3 Mass
October 2001 September 2002
15
Annual Nitrate Fraction of PM2.5 Mass
16
Spatial Distribution of STN Annual PM2.5_NH4 Mass
October 2001 September 2002
17
Annual Ammonium Fraction of PM2.5 Mass
18
Spatial Distribution of STN Annual PM2.5_OC1.4
Mass October 2001 September 2002
19
Annual Total Carbon Fraction of PM2.5 Mass
20
PM2.5 Mass Fraction as Carbon Botanical Garden -
Bronx, NY
21
PM2.5 Mass Fraction as SulfateBotanical Garden -
Bronx, NY
22
PM2.5 Mass Fraction as NitrateBotanical Garden -
Bronx, NY
23
PM2.5 Mass Fraction as CarbonPinnacle State Park
- Addison, NY
24
PM2.5 Mass Fraction as SulfatePinnacle State
Park - Addison, NY
25
PM2.5 Mass Fraction as NitratePinnacle State
Park - Addison, NY
26
PM_EC vs. PM_OC1.4 Seasonal CorrelationBotanical
Garden, Bronx, NY
27
PM_EC vs. PM_OC1.4 Seasonal CorrelationPinnacle
State Park Addison, NY
28
Winter PM2.5 OC vs. EC Queens College
Jan 96 NEI POA/PEC 1.27
Jan 99 NEI POA/PEC 2.35
29
Summer PM2.5 OC vs. EC Queens College
Jul 96 NEI POA/PEC 1.03
Jul 99 NEI POA/PEC 0.96
30
Time-Integrated Measurements
  • What have we learned about the PM air quality
    issues from time-integrated measurements?
  • Distribution of major PM composition varies
    regionally
  • Sulfates greater in the east, nitrates greater in
    the west
  • Organics show limited spatial variability
  • Seasonal variations indicated more nitrates in
    the winter and more sulfate and organics in the
    summer

31
Time-Integrated Measurements
  • What sort of hypothesis testing is being
    supported by these measurements?
  • Provide long term time series of PM2.5 components
  • Accountability for control strategies and health
    comes
  • Fuel sulfur rule
  • 2007 diesel emission standard
  • NOx regulation
  • PM nitrate/sulfate changes with reductions in SO2
  • Process related production of PM components

32
Time-Integrated Measurements
  • What are the advantages of time-integrated
    measurements?
  • Provide long term PM speciation data with modest
    field technician support and modest overall cost
    (compared to alternatives)
  • Centralized laboratory analyses and QA/QC
    procedures improves data quality

33
Time-Integrated Measurements
  • What are the most serious issues by way of
    representing what is actually in the air?
  • Carbon blank issues and VOC adsorption
  • MDL for metals
  • Time resolution
  • Loss of volatile PM (nitrates and organics)

34
Time-Integrated Measurements
  • Which issues confound our ability to test
    hypotheses, to explain PM concentrations?
  • Water and volatility of nitrates and SOA
  • Are critical variables missing that are needed
    for the support of hypothesis testing/interpretati
    on of mass and species composition measurements?
  • MDL for critical trace elements will limit source
    apportionment applications
  • EC blanks corrections and MDL will likely limit
    tracking EC perturbations resulting from diesel
    emission controls

35
Time-Integrated Measurements
  • Are the issues/problems intractable in the near
    term?
  • ICP/MS analysis techniques can provide improved
    MDLs for trace metals (as compared to XRF)
  • How is confidence in the values created in lieu
    of standards?
  • Instrument laboratory and field intercomparisons

36
Acknowledgments
  • This work was supported in part by
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
    cooperative agreement R828060010
  • New York State Energy Research and Development
    Authority (NYSERDA), contract 4918ERTERES99,
  • New York State Department of Environmental
    Conservation (NYS DEC), contract C004210.

37
Thanks for your attention.
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