Title: A Review of Time Integrated PM2.5 Monitoring Data in the United States
1A Review of Time Integrated PM2.5 Monitoring Data
in the United States
- Kenneth L. Demerjian
- Atmospheric Sciences Research Center
- University at Albany SUNY
- United Nations Economic Commission for European
(UNECE) - European Monitoring and Evaluation Program (EMEP)
- Workshop on Particulate Matter (PM) Measurement
and ModelingApril 20-23, 2004 - New Orleans, LA
2U.S. EPA PM National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Pollutant Standard/Type
Particulate Matter (PM 10) 50 mg/m3 annual mean /PS 150 mg/m3 24-hr /PS
Particulate Matter (PM 2.5) 15 mg/m3 annual mean /PS 65 mg/m3 24-hr /PS
3Daily Distribution of 24-hr PM2.5 Mass from 17
NYC FRM Monitors
4NYC 2002 FRM MonitorsAnnual Distribution of
24-hr PM Mass
5(No Transcript)
6PM Speciation Network Samplers
Speciation Sampler 24-hr Sample Volume (m3) OC Blank Correction Factor (ug/m3)
Met One SASS 9.6 1.4
Anderson RASS 10.4 1.28
RP 2300 14.4 0.93
URG MASS 16.7 0.56
IMPROVE 32.8 0.4
STN 1 in three day operation three simultaneous
filters Nylon IC, Teflon XRF, Quartz OC/EC
7MET ONE Spiral Aerosol Speciation Sampler (SASSTM)
8STN Monitoring Sites October 2001 September
2002
9Spatial Distribution of STN/FRM Annual PM2.5 Mass
October 2001 September 2002
10STN Annual PM2.5 Mass FRM vs. STN
11STN Annual Composition
12Spatial Distribution of STN Annual PM2.5_SO4 Mass
October 2001 September 2002
13Annual Sulfate Fraction of PM2.5 Mass
14Spatial Distribution of STN Annual PM2.5_NO3 Mass
October 2001 September 2002
15Annual Nitrate Fraction of PM2.5 Mass
16Spatial Distribution of STN Annual PM2.5_NH4 Mass
October 2001 September 2002
17Annual Ammonium Fraction of PM2.5 Mass
18Spatial Distribution of STN Annual PM2.5_OC1.4
Mass October 2001 September 2002
19Annual Total Carbon Fraction of PM2.5 Mass
20PM2.5 Mass Fraction as Carbon Botanical Garden -
Bronx, NY
21PM2.5 Mass Fraction as SulfateBotanical Garden -
Bronx, NY
22PM2.5 Mass Fraction as NitrateBotanical Garden -
Bronx, NY
23PM2.5 Mass Fraction as CarbonPinnacle State Park
- Addison, NY
24PM2.5 Mass Fraction as SulfatePinnacle State
Park - Addison, NY
25PM2.5 Mass Fraction as NitratePinnacle State
Park - Addison, NY
26PM_EC vs. PM_OC1.4 Seasonal CorrelationBotanical
Garden, Bronx, NY
27PM_EC vs. PM_OC1.4 Seasonal CorrelationPinnacle
State Park Addison, NY
28Winter PM2.5 OC vs. EC Queens College
Jan 96 NEI POA/PEC 1.27
Jan 99 NEI POA/PEC 2.35
29Summer PM2.5 OC vs. EC Queens College
Jul 96 NEI POA/PEC 1.03
Jul 99 NEI POA/PEC 0.96
30Time-Integrated Measurements
- What have we learned about the PM air quality
issues from time-integrated measurements? - Distribution of major PM composition varies
regionally - Sulfates greater in the east, nitrates greater in
the west - Organics show limited spatial variability
- Seasonal variations indicated more nitrates in
the winter and more sulfate and organics in the
summer
31Time-Integrated Measurements
- What sort of hypothesis testing is being
supported by these measurements? - Provide long term time series of PM2.5 components
- Accountability for control strategies and health
comes - Fuel sulfur rule
- 2007 diesel emission standard
- NOx regulation
- PM nitrate/sulfate changes with reductions in SO2
- Process related production of PM components
32Time-Integrated Measurements
- What are the advantages of time-integrated
measurements? - Provide long term PM speciation data with modest
field technician support and modest overall cost
(compared to alternatives) - Centralized laboratory analyses and QA/QC
procedures improves data quality
33Time-Integrated Measurements
- What are the most serious issues by way of
representing what is actually in the air? - Carbon blank issues and VOC adsorption
- MDL for metals
- Time resolution
- Loss of volatile PM (nitrates and organics)
34Time-Integrated Measurements
- Which issues confound our ability to test
hypotheses, to explain PM concentrations? - Water and volatility of nitrates and SOA
- Are critical variables missing that are needed
for the support of hypothesis testing/interpretati
on of mass and species composition measurements? - MDL for critical trace elements will limit source
apportionment applications - EC blanks corrections and MDL will likely limit
tracking EC perturbations resulting from diesel
emission controls
35Time-Integrated Measurements
- Are the issues/problems intractable in the near
term? - ICP/MS analysis techniques can provide improved
MDLs for trace metals (as compared to XRF) - How is confidence in the values created in lieu
of standards? - Instrument laboratory and field intercomparisons
36Acknowledgments
- This work was supported in part by
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
cooperative agreement R828060010 - New York State Energy Research and Development
Authority (NYSERDA), contract 4918ERTERES99, - New York State Department of Environmental
Conservation (NYS DEC), contract C004210.
37Thanks for your attention.