Aristotle

1
Group 5 Oral Report David Fasolino, Robert
Frick, Dusty Robinson, Hilda Medina, Tamie
Thompson, Angie Hambleton
2
About Aristotle
By Tamiane Thompson
3
His early years

• Aristotle was born in stagria, on the border of
  Macedonia in 384 bce
• His mother, Phaestis, was from a family of
  doctors
• His father Nichomachus was court physician to
  King Amyntus of macedonia and this began his long
  association with the macedonia court which
  influenced his life greatly
• When he was still a boy his father died

4
His schooling

• In 367, at the age of 17 his guardian,proxenus
  sent him to Athens, the intellectual center of
  the world, to complete his education
• He joined the academy and studied under
  Plato,attending his lectures for 20 years
• It was in later years that he began to lecture on
  his own account, especially the subject of
  rhetoric
• He was known for saying He loved the truth more
  than he loved Plato and so he had no mind to
  remain a mere disciple

5
The years after Plato

• Plato died in 347
• Aristotle would have been his rightful succeeded,
  however his divergence from Plato's teachings
  made it impossible
• In 347 Aristotle spent the next four years
  conducting zoological investigations on the
  islands of assos and lesbos
• He was married twice, his second wife Herpyllis
  bore him a son named,Nichomachus

6
Back to Athens

• In 343 he was called to macedonia by King Philip
  to tutor the kings son- the future alexander the
  great
• Seven years later Aristotle returned to Athens
  and founded the school Lyceum, which its ruins
  can still be seen today

7
His teachings

• Aristotle taught in what later became known as
  Peripatetics meaning to walk about which he did
  often as he discoursed
• He is said to be given two type of lectures one
  in the morning for a inner circle of advanced
  students and one in the evening for the general
  body of lovers of knowledge
• He taught modern down-to-earth philosphy,biology,
  politics, and the rules of logic

8
His writings

• Aristotle main works are the prior analytics (in
  which he describes the rules of logic)?
• The physics, the animal history, the rhetoric,
  the poetics, the metaphysics, the nicomachean
  ethics, and the politics
• Most of his writings are lost. What remains are
  his lectures notes, which were rediscovered in
  the first century and scholars are re-examining
  the fragments of his lost works.

9
Aristotle in exile

• Aristotle connection to Alexander proved a
  liability in the end and on Alexanders death in
  323 b.c. the Athenians went on a rampage against
  all who associated with him
• The pro-Macedonian government was overthrown and
  he was charged with impiety he fled Athens
• He fled to Chalcis in Euboea where he quoted the
  Athenians sin twice against philosophy referring
  of course to the unjust trial and death of
  Socrates

10
Aristotles death

• In his first year of his residence at Chalcis he
  complained of a stomach illness and died in 322
  BCE
• A popular but again highly questionable story
  says he drowned investigating marine life however
  no one knows exactly what happened
• Aristotles philosophy, logic, science,
  metaphysics, ethics, politics, and system of
  deductive reasoning have been important ever
  since. In the middle ages, the church used
  Aristotle to explain its doctrines

11
Works cited

• Abbot, Christopher. Aristotle online image. Sep
  9 2008 http//www.whitworth.edu/academic/Departmen
  t/core/classics.html.
• Gallon's. Greek philosopher Aristotle. Online
  image. October 4 2007. Sep 7 2008
  http//www.ancienthistory.about.com/cs/people/p/ar
  istole.htm.
• Hurtle,Philip. Aristotle with Plato online
  image. March 21 2007. Sept 6 2008
  lthtttp//www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/aristol.htmgt.
• Partige, Nancy. Aristotle school online image.
  April 3, 2006. Sept 6 2008 http//www.livius.org/a
  p-ark/aristotle.html.
• Netherlors, David. Alexander the great online
  image. November 17 2007. sep 6 2008
  http//www.yahoo.com/photos/netherlorsdavid/234677
  89/.
• Ross, Lisa. aristotle teachingsonline
  image.flicker. September 13 2007 sep 6 2008
  http//www.flickr.com/photos/lisaross/1236778/.
• Seurouik neiumberbach band Greek music Liberian
  antonya greek hero free download music. Sep 6
  2008. http//www.freedownloadmusic.com/greekmusic/
  seuroikneiumberbach.htm.

12
Poetics In A Nutshell

• Dusty Robinson

13
"The educated differ from the uneducated as much
as the living from the dead."

• Aristotles Poetics, written at about 335 BCE, is
  considered to be the first systematic critical
  theory in the world. For nearly 2,000 years it
  has inspired the thoughts of writers,
  philosophers and critics.

14
All men by nature desire knowledge.

• Aristotle identifies tragedy as the most refined
  version of poetry, among the three genres
  (Tragedy, Epic, and Comedy)?
• Aristotles defines many key literary components
  such as mimesis (imitation), muthos (plot),
  anagnorisis (discovery), periperteia (reversal),
  hamartia (misjudgment), and catharsis (purifying
  or relieving of emotions).

15
Misfortune shows those who are not really
friends.

• Tragedy ... is an imitation of an action that is
  serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude in
  language embellished with each kind of artistic
  ornament, the several kinds being found in
  separate parts of the play in the form of
  action, not of narrative through pity and fear
  effecting the proper catharsis of these emotions.

16
"Dignity consists not in possessing honors, but
in the consciousness that we deserve them."

• Poetics was not widely influential during it's
  time, but during the Age of Enlightenment,
  Aristotle's views shaped the concept of tragedy.

17
Works Cited

• Aristotle, Malcolm , and Heath . Poetics. 1st ed.
  New York Penguin Group Incorporated, 1997.
• Aristotle, and W. Rhys Roberts . Poetics and
  Rhetoric. 1st ed. New York Barnes Noble, 2006.
• Waggoner, Ben. "Aristotle." 09 June 1996. UCMP
  Berkeley. 8 Sep 2008 lthttp//www.ucmp.berkeley.edu
  /history/aristotle.htmlgt.
• "Poetics (Aristotle)." Wikipedia. 2008. Wikimedia
  Foundation, Inc.. September 9 2008
  lthttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)gt
  .
• "Poetics 1780 Edition." Online Image.
  Wikisource. No date. September 9 2008
  lthttp//upload.wikimedia.org/wikisource/en/thumb/d
  /d5/Aristotle_poetics.jpg/335px-Aristotle_poetics.
  jpggt.
• "Tragedy and Comedy Masks." Online Image.
  civillibertarian.blogspot.com. 2007. Sep 9 2008
  lthttp//tbn0.google.com/images?qtbniV0YLmkqOMTBn
  Mhttp//bp0.blogger.com/_9qHzlJ2hzJ8/RfbKPhkaktI/
  AAAAAAAAAbk/EytnkW9qXeA/s400/ComedyTragedy.jpggt.

18
Aristotle on Plot
Angie Hambleton
19
Types of Plot
Simple Unified construct of necessary and
probable actions to change future

• Complex
• peripeteia or reversal
• Anagnorsis or recognition
• The best way of presenting tragic pleasure

20
Characteristics of Plot

• Unity of Action
• Necessity and probability
• Unity of Time
• Time by action understood by audience

21
Aristotles Definition of Plot
The change of fortune from good to bad should
come about as a result, not of vice, but some
great error of frailty in character.
22
Works Cited

• www.cnr.edu/home/bmcmanus/poetics.html
• www.english-literature.org/essays/aristotle_poetic
  s.html
• http//www.cartoon-web.com/illus/proverbs/pro16-18
  .gif
• http//www.istockphoto.com/file_closeup/isolated-o
  bjects/isolated-background-objects/5663100-clock.p
  hp?id5663100
• http//www.istockphoto.com/file_closeup/food-and-d
  rink/baking/5948598-blueberry-pie.php?id5948598
• http//www.istockphoto.com/file_closeup/arts-and-e
  ntertainment/arts-abstract/5203110-blue-energy.php
  ?id5203110

23
Aristotles Tragic Hero
By Hilda Medina
24
What is a Hero
Aristotle felt that the tragic hero was neither
completely good nor completely evil.
This hero will also be able to provoke our pity
and fear.
25
Our hero
This hero also must have hamartia, which means a
fatal flaw. The most common hamartia in Greek
tragedies was pride.
26
His Character

• Consistent Our hero should repeatedly show the
  same traits through out the play.
• Lifelike He should also appear as humanly as
  possible so we can relate to him.

27
More on character

• Good The hero would have to demonstrate through
  his speech and actions that he is morally sound.
• Appropriate He would also have to maintain
  society's ideas on social behaviors (men should
  be manly and so forth).

28
Our Heros Stature

• The hero was one of moral fiber that behaved
  nobly.
  
• This did not necessarily mean that the person was
  a king or queen but someone who behaved as one.

29
Their Outcome

• Death Although Aristotle did not fell that the
  hero should die (because it would provoke ill
  feelings in the viewers), some of the tragic
  heroes died.
• Lesson Aristotle felt that the best outcome for
  the tragic hero would be to come out of the
  tragedy haven realized their error in judgment
  and gained a life lesson from it.

30
Works Cited

• Aristotle." Defining Tragedy. VCCS Litonline
  Introduction to Literature. 06 Sept. 2008
  lthttp//vccslitonline.cc.va.us/tragedy/aristotle.h
  tmgt.
• Heath, Malcolm, and Malcolm Heath. Poetics. New
  York Penguin Group (USA) Incorporated, 2004. The
  Internet Classics. 1994-2000. 06 Sept. 2008
  lthttp//classics.mit.edu/aristotle/poetics.2.2.htm
  lgt.
• "More Terms Defined." EGallery of Tragic Heroes.
  The Process. 06 Sept. 2008 lthttp//tttc.org/projec
  ts/jzarro2/process2.htmlgt.
• Tartar, Stacy. "Aristotle's Tragic Hero." West
  Chester University. Fall 2001. West Chester
  University. 06 Sept. 2008 lthttp//brainstorm-servi
  ces.com/wcu-lit/tragedy.htmlgt.

31
Aristotelian Catharsis
Robert Frick
32
Catharsis ???a?s??

• Medicine - Purgation, especially for the
  digestive system.
• A purifying or figurative cleansing of the
  emotions, especially pity and fear, described by
  Aristotle as an effect of tragic drama on its
  audience.
• A release of emotional tension, as after an
  overwhelming experience, that restores or
  refreshes the spirit.

33
Ancient ???a?s?? - Lustration

• Ritual cleansing with water
• Burnt offerings purification through smoke
• Purges individuals or whole cities of crimes

34
Aristotle's Catharsis

• Briefly touched on in Poetics
• Stirring up pity and fear, then dispelling them
  is the function of tragedy
• Promised a fuller explanation, but was probably
  lost to history with his book on Comedy.

35
Jakob Bernays Uncle of Sigmund Freud

• Classical interpretation comes from Bernays
• We build up undesirable emotions which are evoked
  and released through tragedy.
• These emotions are inherently negative.

36
Another Interpretation

• Aristotle believed emotions important for
  decision-making and character (Ethics)?
• Example Too much fear cowardly, too little
  fear foolhardy

Catharsis is not, then, elimination it is the
reduction of these emotions from excess to
balance.
37
Cathartic Relief in Literature

• Agamemnon ends with its namesake, his daughter,
  and his wife dead in a series of murders by one
  another.

• In Miller's All My Sons, Joe Keller, the father,
  commits suicide to relieve the burden he brought
  on his family.

• The Shakespeare's couple, Romeo and Juliet, lay
  dead in the end of their play.

38
Works Cited

• Engelman, Edmund. "Sigmund Freud." Online Image.
  The Library of Congress Prints Photographs
  Online Catalog. Nov 15 1998. Sep 6 2008
  lthttp//www.loc.gov/rr/print/catalog.htmlgt.
• Genius, Lisa. "Item 002 Mary N.'s Book-Shaped
  Air Freshener." Online Image. Gouger Library
  Supplies. Jan 11 2007. Sep 6 2008
  lthttp//gougerlibrarysupplies.blogspot.com/2007_01
  _01_archive.htmlgt.
• Holman, Geoffrey. "Scale." Online Image.
  iStockphoto. March 6 2008. Sep 6 2008
  lthttp//www.istockphoto.com/file_closeup/industry/
  law-enforcement-and-crime/5548316-scale.php?id554
  8316gt.
• Janko, Richard. CATHARSIS. 1987. Sep 6 2008
  lthttp//www.echonyc.com/janedoe/classes/actreal/r
  eadings/catharsis.htmlgt.
• Nehring, Nancy. "olive branch, Olea europaea."
  Online Image. iStockphoto. Aug 16 2007. Sep 6
  2008 lthttp//www.istockphoto.com/file_closeup/natu
  re/nature-symbols-metaphors/4024057-olive-branch-o
  lea-europaea.php?id4024057gt.
• Lord Leighton, Frederic . "The Reconciliation of
  the Montagues and Capulets over the Dead Bodies
  of Romeo and Juliet." Online Image. Museum
  Syndicate. No date. Sep 9 2008 lthttp//www.museums
  yndicate.com/item.php?item11992gt.
• Rossetti, Francesco. "Balance." Online Image.
  iStockphoto. May 12 2008. Sep 6 2008
  lthttp//www.istockphoto.com/file_closeup/isolated-
  objects/isolated-background-objects/6109207-balanc
  e.php?id6109207gt.
• Slammer, Justin. "Agua Caliente, Finca El
  Paraíso, Guatemala ." Online Image. flickr. Sep
  30 2006. Sep 6 2008 lthttp//www.flickr.com/photos/
  justinslammer/256532493/gt.

39
The Stage and Special Effects
David Fasolino
40
(No Transcript)
41
(No Transcript)
42
Orchestra The orchestra (literally, "dancing
space") was normally circular. It was a level
space where the chorus would dance, sing, and
interact with the actors who were on the stage
near the skene. The earliest orchestras were
simply made of hard earth, but in the Classical
period some orchestras began to be paved with
marble and other materials. In the center of the
orchestra there was often a thymele, or altar.
The orchestra of the theater of Dionysus in
Athens was about 60 feet in diameter. Theatron
The theatron (literally, "viewing-place") is
where the spectators sat. The theatron was
usually part of hillside overlooking the
orchestra, and often wrapped around a large
portion of the orchestra (see the diagram above).
Spectators in the fifth century BC probably sat
on cushions or boards, but by the fourth century
the theatron of many Greek theaters had marble
seats. Skene The skene (literally, "tent") was
the building directly behind the stage. During
the 5th century, the stage of the theater of
Dionysus in Athens was probably raised only two
or three steps above the level of the orchestra,
and was about 25 feet wide and 10 feet deep. The
skene was directly in back of the stage, and was
usually decorated as a palace, temple, or other
building, depending on the needs of the play. It
had at least one set of doors, and actors could
make entrances and exits through them. There was
also access to the roof of the skene from behind,
so that actors playing gods and other characters
could appear on the roof, if needed. Parodos
The parodoi (literally, "passageways") are the
paths by which the chorus and some actors (such
as those representing messengers or people
returning from abroad) made their entrances and
exits. The audience also used them to enter and
exit the theater before and after the
performance.
43
There were several scenic elements commonly used
in Greek theatre Machina, a crane that gave the
impression of a flying actor (thus providing deus
ex machina). Ekkyklema, a wheeled wagon used to
bring dead characters into view for the
audience Trap doors, or similar openings in the
ground to lift people onto the stage Pinakes,
pictures hung into the scene to show a scene's
scenery Thyromata, more complex pictures built
into the second-level scene (3rd level from
ground)? Phallic props were used for satyr
plays, symbolizing fertility in honor of Dionysus.
44
Works Cited

• First Photo http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImageGri
  echTheater2.PNG
• Second Photo http//academic.reed.edu/humanities/1
  10tech/Theater.html
• Information from http//academic.reed.edu/humaniti
  es/110tech/Theater.html http//en.wikipedia.org/wi
  ki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece