Classification of the Consonants - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Classification of the Consonants

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Title: Classification of the Consonants


1
Classification of the Consonants
  • Place-Voice-Manner

2
Manner of Production
  • Stops p,b,t,d,k,g and ?
  • Formed by blocking the oral cavity, thereby
    stopping the airstream at some point
  • Air pressure builds up in the oral cavity
  • Voiceless stops are aspirated at beginning of
    words
  • Velopharynx is closed

3
Stops (cont)
  • Bilabial stops
  • /p, b/
  • Alveolar stops 6 stops
  • /t, d/
  • Velar stops (voiced/voiceless)
  • /k, g/
  • Glottal stop /?/

4
Stops (cont)
  • Deaf speakers usually voice all stops
  • Flap ? an allophone of /t/ and /d/ that
    occurs intervocalically in words such as city,
    ladder, butter, writer, Patty
  • A tap or bounce of the tongue on the alveolar
    ridge
  • Epenthetic stop
  • Insert (epenthesis) a stop between a nasal and a
    fricative
  • Prince, prints
  • Warmth
  • something

5
Fricatives f,v,?,?,s,z,?,? and h
  • Produced by forcing air out through a narrow
    constriction
  • Air creates a noisy turbulence
  • Velopharynx is closed

6
Fricatives (cont)
  • Labiodental /f, v/
  • Linguadental /?, ?/
  • Alveolar /s,z/ 8-9 fricatives
  • Palatal /?, ?/ voiced/voiceless
  • glottal /h/

7
Fricatives (cont)
  • Lisp (alveolar and palatal fricatives)
  • Speakers who have difficulty with fricatives
  • Cleft palate air escapes through the cleft
  • Deaf speakers dont distinguish voicing

8
Affricates t?, d?
  • Made up of a plosive and a homorganic fricative
  • The two are articulated in one movement and act
    as a single unit
  • Velopharynx is closed

9
Affricates (cont)
  • Voiceless palatal affricate t?
  • Voiceled palatal affricate d?

10
Affricates (cont)
  • Dental affricates
  • German and Italian
  • Nazi
  • pizza

11
Nasals m,n,?
  • Oral cavity is completely closed, as it is for
    stops
  • Velopharynx is open
  • Have a syllabic nature
  • They may form a syllable with no othr vowel m,
    n, ?
  • button b???n b??n
  • bottom b???? b??m

12
Nasals (cont)
  • Bilabial m
  • Alveolar n
  • Velar ?

13
Glides w, j and h
  • Articulators make a gradual gliding motion toward
    and from a vowel
  • Therefore, can only occur pre- and
    intervocalically NEVER word-finally
  • Most vowel-like of the approximants (frictionless
    continuants glides and liquids)

14
Glides (cont)
  • Labio-velar glide w
  • Palatal glide j
  • Glottal glide h

15
Liquids l, r
  • Shares characteristics with other approximants
  • No friction or blockage
  • Vowel-like quality
  • Can function as either a consonant or a vowel

16
Liquids (cont)
  • Lateral liquid l
  • Voiced alveolar liquid
  • 2 kinds of l
  • Light l leaf
  • Dark ? dull
  • Additional arching of tongue in velar region
  • Rhotic liquid r
  • Voiced palatal liquid
  • Tongue is raised and retracted in a tight knot
  • Tongue is bunched

17
Phonetic Descriptions Exercises
  • Voiced palatal glide
  • Voiceless glottal glide
  • Voiceless palatal affricate
  • Voiced labio-velar glide
  • Voiced palatal affricate

18
Phonetic Descriptions Exercises
  • /j/
  • /d?
  • /w/
  • /j, d?, t?
  • /t?, h/

19
Phonetic Descriptions Exercises
  • Voiced velar stop
  • Voiceless palatal fricative
  • Voiceless alveolar stop
  • Voiceless alveolar fricative
  • Voiced labio-dental fricative
  • Voiced velar stop
  • Voiced bilabial stop
  • Palatal glide

20
Phonetic Descriptions Exercises
  • /v/
  • /?/
  • /?/
  • /s/
  • /j/
  • /p, t, k, t?, f, ?, s, ?/
  • /t, d, s, z/
  • V, ?, z, ?/
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