Wall Finishes pages 245-257 in "Interior Construction and Detailing"

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Wall Finishespages 245-257 in "Interior
Construction and Detailing"

• Wall finishes include
• those applied as a single, thin decorative
  covering, such as paint, wallpaper, and vinyl
  wallcovering,
• and those composed of several construction
  elements that can add substantial thickness to a
  wall, such as ceramic tile or stone panels.

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• Brendan Clarke of Maharam, presented a good
  variety of wall coverings, including fabrics,
  vinyls, and some metallic based sheet products.

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Acoustical panels

• when a high degree of sound absorption is
  desired, acoustical panels can be a good choice.
• Two primary decisions regarding acoustical
  panels
• fabric type
• core material

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• fabric for acoustical panels must be permeable,
  to allow for sound energy to pass through.
• this also means that the fabric should not have a
  backing.
• fabrics for acoustical panels should be
  'hydrophobic' which means that they do not hold
  and absorb moisture.

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Acoustical panels expanded polypropylene
moisture resistant, impact resistant, tackable,
lightweight, indoor-outdoor
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High impact fabric covered panelscompressed
figerglass core, class A fire rated, chemically
hardened edges
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glass reinforced gypsum ceiling panelssometimes
used for acoustical purposes
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For acoustical panel covering, it is important to
use fabric that does not absorb and retain
moisture.

• Hydrophobic fabrics do not absorb and retain
  moisture.
• These include polyester, acetates, nylon.
• Hydrophillic fabrics absorb and retain moisture.
• These include cotton, wool, and silk.

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Stone used as a wall finish

• typical stone used for wall finishes include
• granite, marble, limestone, slate, sandstone.
• manmade products, such as cast stone, can mimic
  the visual and material qualities of natural
  stone.

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Stone tiles and panels

• stone tiles, and panels, used as wall finish
  materials have definite size constraints.
• the term tile means a small, (generally no
  larger than 12x12) thin, modular piece of
  material. tiles can be made of metal, glass,
  wood, leather, plastic, ceramics, cork, and
  nearly any other material.
• tile does not always mean ceramic.
• the table on page 252 of "Interior Construction
  and Detailing" lists a variety of stone types and
  size limitations or requirements.

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details in stone wall finish installation

• stone used as a finished wall surface can be
  achieved using two different approaches
• tiles thin, small, modular, pieces, typically
  no larger than 12" x 12".
• panels/slabs 3/4" up to 4" thick.

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Stone tiles granite, quartzite, multi colored
slate, black slate, green slate, multi-colored
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Stone wall panels marble panels attached to a
sub-surface wall
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Olivetti showroom, Venice, Italydesigned by
Carlo Scarpamarble stairs, bench, balcony low
wall
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stone tiles
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stone panels
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marble floor tiles, wall tiles
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granite wall panels
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marble floor tiles
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pattern making using tiles
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slate flooring
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slate
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Ceramic tiles with LED lights embedded in each
tile.
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Finnish designer Maija Puoskari has taken
inspiration from nature to create this concept of
snow print tiles. Each tile looks like a silver
patch of snow which is adorned with footprints of
an animal.
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Studio JSPRs Cover-Tiles collection is a series
of tiles that cover pipes, connections and water
taps which are normally enclosed in the wall.
With Cover-Tiles, these elements are all visible
on the outside.
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Wood tiles from DeckTiles.org at ICFF These
tiles snap together.
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MIO's modular 3D Wallpaper Create pattern
variation by rotating the tiles or painting them.
The lightweight recycled paper modules can be
installed temporarily with double stick tape or
permanently with wallpaper paste. A box of 12
tiles (12 x 12 x 2 1/4) sell for about 32.
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Mio Culture - Ripple Paper Forms
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Acoustic Weave 3D Wallpaper Designed to diffuse
sound, reduce acoustic glare and eliminate
standing waves add to that it's green
credentials (100 recycled and recyclable paper
made in closed-loop manufacturing from locally
sourced materials)
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wall flats Designers Mike Jennifer Tuttle

• Wall Flats are Inhabit's take on a modern,
  eco-friendly wallpaper.
• A modern embossed three-dimensional wallcovering
  that is good for the environment.
• Wall Flats are made from 100 bamboo pulp, one of
  the worlds most renewable resources. No trees
  were harmed in the making of this product) They
  are a sustainable wallcovering that is free of
  chemicals and will not be a burden to the
  environment at the end of it's lifecycle, since
  the tiles are 100 bio-degradable.
• Wall Flats are designed to expand in any
  direction with an automatic pattern repeat and
  can be painted to coordinate with decor. You can
  cover a existing wall with Wall Flats, help
  disguise a not-so-smooth wall or add a modern,
  green wallpaper to any room setting through
  patterning.

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wall flats Designers Mike Jennifer Tuttle
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ceramic tile
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ceramic tile

• Ceramic tile is especially useful in kitchens and
  bathrooms because it is water-resistant and easy
  to clean and extremely durable.
• Made from a mixture of clays and fired at high
  temperatures, tile is used for wall coverings,
  floors, showers, countertops, bath surrounds, and
  more.
• Tiles used on walls and counters are generally
  glazed

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• Grout, a kind of mortar, is spread between tiles
  to lock them in place and fill the joints between
  them. Grout may be white or colored with pigment.

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• Ceramic tile may be applied directly over
  drywallif the room is likely to be damp, special
  moisture-resistant drywall should be used. Or
  tile may be applied to a mortar bed or a backer
  board made of a ceramic aggregate core that is
  coated with a thin fiberglass mesh.

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mosaic tiles are typically joined into a sheet
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Ceramic tile pattern making
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Mosaic tiles
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Paints and Coatings

• What is paint?
• Paints are made up of four components pigment,
  binder, solvent/liquid carrier, and additives.
• Varnishes, which form transparent or
  semi-transparent films, are made up of the last
  three components, with colored varnishes
  containing small amounts of pigment.

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Paint is manufactured to meet specific needs
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Types of Paint

• water base paint
• solvent base paint
• these are the two basic types of paint generally
  available.
• paint may have physical or chemical
  characteristics such as
• matte surface, semi gloss surface, high gloss
  surface
• non-drip paint, primer, undercoats,
  anti-condensation,
• fire retardant paint (intumescent), metallic,
  concrete floor
• paint, porch paint, anti-fungus paint, heat
  resistant paint

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• Pigments, which give color and opacity/covering
  power, are finely dispersed solid particles. In
  some cases they can be used to impart certain
  protective properties, eg rust prevention, and to
  control gloss levels

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• The binder is the material that forms the film,
  giving protection to the substrate and keeping
  the pigment in place and evenly dispersed. It may
  be made up of a single, or a combination of
  polymers. The binder may be dissolved in a
  solvent, or in the form of an emulsion or
  colloidal dispersion in water. This results in
  solvent-borne and water-borne paints,
  respectively.

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• The solvent/liquid carrier is used to effect
  application of the coating. It may be water or an
  organic solvent, or a mixture of both, and thins
  the paint or varnish, allowing it to be brushed,
  sprayed, dipped or rolled.
• Once on the substrate, the solvent evaporates,
  leaving the dry film coating. The term 'liquid
  carrier' is preferable because the liquid may not
  be a true solvent for the binder.

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• Additives are used, in small amounts, to modify
  the film or paint. Examples are driers, which
  promote the drying time of some coatings
  flow-control agents, which give a smooth surface
  defoamers, which prevent the formation of bubbles
  that could dry in the film and anti-skinning
  agents to prevent the paint from forming a 'skin'
  in the can

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Water Base Vs. Solvent Base

• Water-based non-flammable, clean up with water,
  quick drying in good conditions, low VOC content,
  low odor, non-yellowing
• Solvent-based better drying in cold, damp
  conditions, better low-temperature storage, no
  can corrosion problems, less wood-grain raising,
  higher gloss

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Fire retardant and fire resistant coatings

• flame retardant paints slow the rate of flame
  spread
• intumescent coatings bubble up, or expand, when
  exposed to extremely high heat
• fire resistant paints are not as effective at
  controlling the
• spread of flames as intumescent, or fire
  retardant paints.
• fire resistant paint does not burn, but it also
  does not help control the spread of the flames

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• Washing machine manufacturers do not need to buy
  cans of paint to give color to their products.
• Instead, they buy huge rolls of sheet steel
  already treated and coated with flexible and
  durable paints that allow the appliance casings
  to be cut and formed into shape without damage.

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• This technique, known as 'coil coating', used to
  make this 'bendable' paint. A thin coil of the
  metal to be painted is cleaned and pretreated
  before being fed along a coating line whereby the
  primer, top and back paint layers are applied in
  two stages. After each paint application, the
  coil is oven cured and allowed to cool before the
  painted coil emerges at the end of the process.
  The coating is formulated to have great
  flexibility, allowing the coated metal to be
  manipulated without the paint cracking.

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Wallcoverings

• Wallcoverings offer improved durability over
  typical paint finishes while providing texture
  and pattern to the wall surface.
• The most widely used wallcoverings for commercial
  use are vinyls.
• There is a classification system used to compare
  all types of commercial wallcovering.
• This is the ASTM F793 Standard Classification of
  Wallcoverings by Durability Characteristics.

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Wallcovering Classification

• Category 1 decorative only
• Category 2 decorative with medium
  serviceability
• Category 3 decorative with high serviceability
• Category 4 Type I Commercial serviceability
• Category 5 Type II Commercial serviceability
• Category 6 Type III Commercial serviceability

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Vinyl Wallcoverings

• There is a special standard that describes vinyl
  wallcovering as
• Type I light duty, with a minimum weight of 7
  oz/sq. yard
• Type II medium duty, with a minimum weight of 13
  oz/sq. yard
• Type III heavy duty, with a minimum weight of 22
  oz/sq. yard

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Materials Backings

• Vinyl
• scrim, a loosely woven fabric backing used on
  Type I vinyls
• Osnaburg, a loose open weave fabric used on Type
  II vinyls
• Drill, a dense woven fabric with good dimensional
  stability used on Type II and Type III vinyls
• Nonwoven, a paperlike backing used on Type I
  vinyls.

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Surface Materials for Walls

• Wood Veneer bonding wood veneer (about 1/64"
  thick) to a woven backing material.
• Textiles paper backing or a latex coating
• Fiberglass a fiberglass fabric that is applied
  to a backing. Fiberglass wallcoverings must be
  painted after they are installed.
• Wallpaper paper wallcoverings are generally
  restricted to residential use because of
  fragility and poor wear resistance.

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Wall Preparation

• Four traditional ways to prepare a wall surface
  to receive a wallcovering
• Seal usually oil based
• Size reduces the absorbency of the surface
• Prime assure proper adhesion
• Wall liner nonwoven sheets cover cracks or
  holes in preparation for a finished wallcovering

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Upholstered Wall Systems

• site constructed coverings that stretch fabric
  taut over a frame and infill material. the frame
  material is typically either a plastic extrusion,
  or a wood frame.

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Upholstered Panels
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Ceiling Finishes

• Ceilings are central in defining the volume of a
  space and shape the diffusion of sound and light
  within a space.
• Ceilings also typically conceal an array of
  systems components, in a plenum space.
• Ceilings in a space can be
• suspended
• exposed
• tightly attached

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Ceiling Components Manufactured by Armstrong
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GRG glass reinforced gypsum

• glass reinforced gypsum (GRG) is used to make
  shapes that used to be made of plaster column
  covers, domes, and molded to nearly any shape.
• GRG is much stronger than standard gypsum board.