Earth Science/Geology

1

• Earth Science/Geology
• Mr. Traeger

2

• The Rock Cycle

The rock cycle is directly related to the theory
of ___________, the idea that the Earths
tectonic plates are continuously moving.
3

• The Rock Cycle

The rock cycle is directly related to the theory
of plate tectonics, the idea that the Earths
tectonic plates are continuously moving.
4
Number Process
1 Heating (melting)
2 Cooling and solidification (Crystallization)
3 Heat and Pressure
4 Weathering and Erosion
5 Cementation and Compaction (Lithification)
5
Number Process
1 Heating (melting)
2 Cooling and solidification (Crystallization)
3 Heat and Pressure
4 Weathering and Erosion
5 Cementation and Compaction (Lithification)
4
6
Number Process
1 Heating (melting)
2 Cooling and solidification (Crystallization)
3 Heat and Pressure
4 Weathering and Erosion
5 Cementation and Compaction (Lithification)
4
5
7
Number Process
1 Heating (melting)
2 Cooling and solidification (Crystallization)
3 Heat and Pressure
4 Weathering and Erosion
5 Cementation and Compaction (Lithification)
4
5
4
8
Number Process
1 Heating (melting)
2 Cooling and solidification (Crystallization)
3 Heat and Pressure
4 Weathering and Erosion
5 Cementation and Compaction (Lithification)
4
5
4
1
9
Number Process
1 Heating (melting)
2 Cooling and solidification (Crystallization)
3 Heat and Pressure
4 Weathering and Erosion
5 Cementation and Compaction (Lithification)
4
1
5
4
1
10
Number Process
1 Heating (melting)
2 Cooling and solidification (Crystallization)
3 Heat and Pressure
4 Weathering and Erosion
5 Cementation and Compaction (Lithification)
4
1
2
5
4
1
11
Number Process
1 Heating (melting)
2 Cooling and solidification (Crystallization)
3 Heat and Pressure
4 Weathering and Erosion
5 Cementation and Compaction (Lithification)
4
3
1
2
5
4
1
12
Number Process
1 Heating (melting)
2 Cooling and solidification (Crystallization)
3 Heat and Pressure
4 Weathering and Erosion
5 Cementation and Compaction (Lithification)
4
3
3
1
2
5
4
1
13
Number Process
1 Heating (melting)
2 Cooling and solidification (Crystallization)
3 Heat and Pressure
4 Weathering and Erosion
5 Cementation and Compaction (Lithification)
4
3
3
4
1
2
5
4
1
14
Number Process
1 Heating (melting)
2 Cooling and solidification (Crystallization)
3 Heat and Pressure
4 Weathering and Erosion
5 Cementation and Compaction (Lithification)
4
3
3
4
1
2
5
4
3
1
15
Number Process
1 Heating (melting)
2 Cooling and solidification (Crystallization)
3 Heat and Pressure
4 Weathering and Erosion
5 Cementation and Compaction (Lithification)
4
3
3
4
1
2
5
4
1
3
1
16
Igneous Rocks Basics

• _____________ rocks form when ____________ or
  ___________ cools, crystallizes, and solidifies.

17
Igneous Rocks Basics

• Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools,
  crystallizes, and solidifies.

18
Igneous Rocks Basics

• Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools,
  crystallizes, and solidifies.

• ______________ is magma that reaches the surface
  of the Earth.

19
Igneous Rocks Basics

• Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools,
  crystallizes, and solidifies.

• Lava is magma that reaches the surface of the
  Earth.

20
Igneous Rocks Basics

• Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools,
  crystallizes, and solidifies.

• Lava is magma that reaches the surface of the
  Earth.

• Two basic types of igneous rocks are
  _______________ and ______________.

21
Igneous Rocks Basics

• Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools,
  crystallizes, and solidifies.

• Lava is magma that reaches the surface of the
  Earth.

• Two basic types of igneous rocks are intrusive
  and extrusive.

22
Igneous Rocks Basics

• Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools,
  crystallizes, and solidifies.

• Lava is magma that reaches the surface of the
  Earth.

• Two basic types of igneous rocks are intrusive
  and extrusive.

• ________________ igneous rocks form deep within
  the Earth. These rocks are also referred to as
  __________________.

23
Igneous Rocks Basics

• Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools,
  crystallizes, and solidifies.

• Lava is magma that reaches the surface of the
  Earth.

• Two basic types of igneous rocks are intrusive
  and extrusive.

• Intrusive igneous rocks form deep within the
  Earth. These rocks are also referred to as
  plutonic.

24
Igneous Rocks Basics

• Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools,
  crystallizes, and solidifies.

• Lava is magma that reaches the surface of the
  Earth.

• Two basic types of igneous rocks are intrusive
  and extrusive.

• Intrusive igneous rocks form deep within the
  Earth. These rocks are also referred to as
  plutonic.

• ________________ igneous rocks form at the
  surface of the Earth. These rocks are also
  referred to as __________________.

25
Igneous Rocks Basics

• Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools,
  crystallizes, and solidifies.

• Lava is magma that reaches the surface of the
  Earth.

• Two basic types of igneous rocks are intrusive
  and extrusive.

• Intrusive igneous rocks form deep within the
  Earth. These rocks are also referred to as
  plutonic.

• Extrusive igneous rocks form at the surface of
  the Earth. These rocks are also referred to as
  volcanic.

26
Igneous Rocks Basics

• Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools,
  crystallizes, and solidifies.

• Lava is magma that reaches the surface of the
  Earth.

• Two basic types of igneous rocks are intrusive
  and extrusive.

• Intrusive igneous rocks form deep within the
  Earth. These rocks are also referred to as
  plutonic.

• Extrusive igneous rocks form at the surface of
  the Earth. These rocks are also referred to as
  volcanic.

• The process where orderly patterns form when
  __________ cools is called _____________________.

27
Igneous Rocks Basics

• Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools,
  crystallizes, and solidifies.

• Lava is magma that reaches the surface of the
  Earth.

• Two basic types of igneous rocks are intrusive
  and extrusive.

• Intrusive igneous rocks form deep within the
  Earth. These rocks are also referred to as
  plutonic.

• Extrusive igneous rocks form at the surface of
  the Earth. These rocks are also referred to as
  volcanic.

• The process where orderly patterns form when
  magma cools is called crystallization.

28
Texture
_____________ cooling forms ___________, coarse
textured crystals.
29
Texture
Slow cooling forms visible, coarse textured
crystals.
30
Texture
Slow cooling forms visible, coarse textured
crystals.

• _____________ cooling forms ___________, fine
  textured crystals.

31
Texture
Slow cooling forms visible, coarse textured
crystals.

• Fast cooling forms invisible, fine textured
  crystals.

32
Texture
Slow cooling forms visible, coarse textured
crystals.

• Fast cooling forms invisible, fine textured
  crystals.

Silicon, oxygen, aluminum, sodium, potassium,
calcium, iron, and magnesium are the main
___________ found in _____________.
33
Texture
Slow cooling forms visible, coarse textured
crystals.

• Fast cooling forms invisible, fine textured
  crystals.

Silicon, oxygen, aluminum, sodium, potassium,
calcium, iron, and magnesium are the main
elements found in minerals.
34
Texture
Slow cooling forms visible, coarse textured
crystals.

• Fast cooling forms invisible, fine textured
  crystals.

Silicon, oxygen, aluminum, sodium, potassium,
calcium, iron, and magnesium are the main
elements found in minerals.
Igneous rocks are usually classified by
__________ and ___________.
35
Texture
Slow cooling forms visible, coarse textured
crystals.

• Fast cooling forms invisible, fine textured
  crystals.

Silicon, oxygen, aluminum, sodium, potassium,
calcium, iron, and magnesium are the main
elements found in minerals.
Igneous rocks are usually classified by
composition and texture.
36
Texture
Slow cooling forms visible, coarse textured
crystals.

• Fast cooling forms invisible, fine textured
  crystals.

Silicon, oxygen, aluminum, sodium, potassium,
calcium, iron, and magnesium are the main
elements found in minerals.
Igneous rocks are usually classified by
composition and texture.
____________ is the most important characteristic
for determining where an igneous rock formed. The
rate of cooling determines this.
37
Texture
Slow cooling forms visible, coarse textured
crystals.

• Fast cooling forms invisible, fine textured
  crystals.

Silicon, oxygen, aluminum, sodium, potassium,
calcium, iron, and magnesium are the main
elements found in minerals.
Igneous rocks are usually classified by
composition and texture.
Texture is the most important characteristic for
determining where an igneous rock formed. The
rate of cooling determines this.
38
Texture
Slow cooling forms visible, coarse textured
crystals.

• Fast cooling forms invisible, fine textured
  crystals.

Silicon, oxygen, aluminum, sodium, potassium,
calcium, iron, and magnesium are the main
elements found in minerals.
Igneous rocks are usually classified by
composition and texture.
Texture is the most important characteristic for
determining where an igneous rock formed. The
rate of cooling determines this.

• An igneous rock is _______________ if it has a
  fine-grained texture.

39
Texture
Slow cooling forms visible, coarse textured
crystals.

• Fast cooling forms invisible, fine textured
  crystals.

Silicon, oxygen, aluminum, sodium, potassium,
calcium, iron, and magnesium are the main
elements found in minerals.
Igneous rocks are usually classified by
composition and texture.
Texture is the most important characteristic for
determining where an igneous rock formed. The
rate of cooling determines this.

• An igneous rock is aphanitic if it has a
  fine-grained texture.

40
Texture
Slow cooling forms visible, coarse textured
crystals.

• Fast cooling forms invisible, fine textured
  crystals.

Silicon, oxygen, aluminum, sodium, potassium,
calcium, iron, and magnesium are the main
elements found in minerals.
Igneous rocks are usually classified by
composition and texture.
Texture is the most important characteristic for
determining where an igneous rock formed. The
rate of cooling determines this.

• An igneous rock is aphanitic if it has a
  fine-grained texture.

• Gas bubbles trapped in solidifying lava are known
  as _____________.

41
Texture
Slow cooling forms visible, coarse textured
crystals.

• Fast cooling forms invisible, fine textured
  crystals.

Silicon, oxygen, aluminum, sodium, potassium,
calcium, iron, and magnesium are the main
elements found in minerals.
Igneous rocks are usually classified by
composition and texture.
Texture is the most important characteristic for
determining where an igneous rock formed. The
rate of cooling determines this.

• An igneous rock is aphanitic if it has a
  fine-grained texture.

• Gas bubbles trapped in solidifying lava are known
  as vesicles.

42
Texture

• An igneous rock is _______________ if it has a
  coarse-grained texture.

43
Texture

• An igneous rock is phaneritic if it has a
  coarse-grained texture.

44
Texture

• An igneous rock is phaneritic if it has a
  coarse-grained texture.

• An igneous rock with very large crystals embedded
  within smaller crystals has a _________________
  texture.

45
Texture

• An igneous rock is phaneritic if it has a
  coarse-grained texture.

• An igneous rock with very large crystals embedded
  within smaller crystals has a porphyritic texture.

46
Texture

• An igneous rock is phaneritic if it has a
  coarse-grained texture.

• An igneous rock with very large crystals embedded
  within smaller crystals has a porphyritic texture.

• Very rapid cooling can form a ___________
  texture, as in obsidian.

47
Texture

• An igneous rock is phaneritic if it has a
  coarse-grained texture.

• An igneous rock with very large crystals embedded
  within smaller crystals has a porphyritic texture.

• Very rapid cooling can form a glassy texture, as
  in obsidian.

48
Texture

• An igneous rock is phaneritic if it has a
  coarse-grained texture.

• An igneous rock with very large crystals embedded
  within smaller crystals has a porphyritic texture.

• Very rapid cooling can form a glassy texture, as
  in obsidian.

• The ________________ of an igneous rock will
  influence ___________.

49
Texture

• An igneous rock is phaneritic if it has a
  coarse-grained texture.

• An igneous rock with very large crystals embedded
  within smaller crystals has a porphyritic texture.

• Very rapid cooling can form a glassy texture, as
  in obsidian.

• The composition of an igneous rock will influence
  texture.

50
Composition

• Igneous rocks have varying ______________ content.

51
Composition

• Igneous rocks have varying mineral content.

52
Composition

• Igneous rocks have varying mineral content.

A scientist named ____________ found that
minerals with higher melting points
______________ before minerals with lower melting
points. This is the basis for ____________
____________ __________.
53
Composition

• Igneous rocks have varying mineral content.

A scientist named Norman L. Bowen found that
minerals with higher melting points crystallized
before minerals with lower melting points. This
is the basis for Bowens Reaction Series.
54
Composition

• Igneous rocks have varying mineral content.

A scientist named Norman L. Bowen found that
minerals with higher melting points crystallized
before minerals with lower melting points. This
is the basis for Bowens Reaction Series.

• A _______________ reaction series occurs when
  each mineral has a different crystal structure.

55
Composition

• Igneous rocks have varying mineral content.

A scientist named Norman L. Bowen found that
minerals with higher melting points crystallized
before minerals with lower melting points. This
is the basis for Bowens Reaction Series.

• A discontinuous reaction series occurs when each
  mineral has a different crystal structure.

56
Composition

• Igneous rocks have varying mineral content.

A scientist named Norman L. Bowen found that
minerals with higher melting points crystallized
before minerals with lower melting points. This
is the basis for Bowens Reaction Series.

• A discontinuous reaction series occurs when each
  mineral has a different crystal structure.

• A _______________ reaction series is when
  calcium-rich crystals react with sodium ions to
  become more sodium rich.

57
Composition

• Igneous rocks have varying mineral content.

A scientist named Norman L. Bowen found that
minerals with higher melting points crystallized
before minerals with lower melting points. This
is the basis for Bowens Reaction Series.

• A discontinuous reaction series occurs when each
  mineral has a different crystal structure.

• A continuous reaction series is when calcium-rich
  crystals react with sodium ions to become more
  sodium rich.

58
Composition

• Igneous rocks have varying mineral content.

A scientist named Norman L. Bowen found that
minerals with higher melting points crystallized
before minerals with lower melting points. This
is the basis for Bowens Reaction Series.

• A discontinuous reaction series occurs when each
  mineral has a different crystal structure.

• A continuous reaction series is when calcium-rich
  crystals react with sodium ions to become more
  sodium rich.

• __________________ ___________________ is the
  process of creating more than one rock type from
  the same magma. This proves that a single magma
  form many different types of igneous rocks.

59
Composition

• Igneous rocks have varying mineral content.

A scientist named Norman L. Bowen found that
minerals with higher melting points crystallized
before minerals with lower melting points. This
is the basis for Bowens Reaction Series.

• A discontinuous reaction series occurs when each
  mineral has a different crystal structure.

• A continuous reaction series is when calcium-rich
  crystals react with sodium ions to become more
  sodium rich.

• Magmatic differentiation is the process of
  creating more than one rock type from the same
  magma. This proves that a single magma form many
  different types of igneous rocks.

60
Classification

• Light colored rocks such as granite are known as
  ______________. These rocks are rich in the
  minerals quartz and orthoclase/plagioclase
  feldspar.

61
Classification

• Light colored rocks such as granite are known as
  felsic. These rocks are rich in the minerals
  quartz and orthoclase/plagioclase feldspar.

62
Classification

• Light colored rocks such as granite are known as
  felsic. These rocks are rich in the minerals
  quartz and orthoclase/plagioclase feldspar.

• Intermediate colored rocks such as diorite have
  moderate amounts of the minerals biotite,
  amphibole, and pyroxene.

63
Classification

• Light colored rocks such as granite are known as
  felsic. These rocks are rich in the minerals
  quartz and orthoclase/plagioclase feldspar.

• Intermediate colored rocks such as diorite have
  moderate amounts of the minerals biotite,
  amphibole, and pyroxene.

• Dark colored rocks rich in iron and magnesium
  such as gabbro are known as _____________. These
  rocks are rich in the minerals plagioclase,
  biotite, amphibole, pyroxene, and olivine.

64
Classification

• Light colored rocks such as granite are known as
  felsic. These rocks are rich in the minerals
  quartz and orthoclase/plagioclase feldspar.

• Intermediate colored rocks such as diorite have
  moderate amounts of the minerals biotite,
  amphibole, and pyroxene.

• Dark colored rocks rich in iron and magnesium
  such as gabbro are known as mafic. These rocks
  are rich in the minerals plagioclase, biotite,
  amphibole, pyroxene, and olivine.

65
Classification

• Light colored rocks such as granite are known as
  felsic. These rocks are rich in the minerals
  quartz and orthoclase/plagioclase feldspar.

• Intermediate colored rocks such as diorite have
  moderate amounts of the minerals biotite,
  amphibole, and pyroxene.

• Dark colored rocks rich in iron and magnesium
  such as gabbro are known as mafic. These rocks
  are rich in the minerals plagioclase, biotite,
  amphibole, pyroxene, and olivine.

• Extremely dark rocks such as peridotite/dunite
  with low contents of silica and high contents of
  iron and magnesium are known as
  _____________________.

66
Classification

• Light colored rocks such as granite are known as
  felsic. These rocks are rich in the minerals
  quartz and orthoclase/plagioclase feldspar.

• Intermediate colored rocks such as diorite have
  moderate amounts of the minerals biotite,
  amphibole, and pyroxene.

• Dark colored rocks rich in iron and magnesium
  such as gabbro are known as mafic. These rocks
  are rich in the minerals plagioclase, biotite,
  amphibole, pyroxene, and olivine.

• Extremely dark rocks such as peridotite/dunite
  with low contents of silica and high contents of
  iron and magnesium are known as ultramafic.

67
Classification

• Light colored rocks such as granite are known as
  felsic. These rocks are rich in the minerals
  quartz and orthoclase/plagioclase feldspar.

• Intermediate colored rocks such as diorite have
  moderate amounts of the minerals biotite,
  amphibole, and pyroxene.

• Dark colored rocks rich in iron and magnesium
  such as gabbro are known as mafic. These rocks
  are rich in the minerals plagioclase, biotite,
  amphibole, pyroxene, and olivine.

• Extremely dark rocks such as peridotite/dunite
  with low contents of silica and high contents of
  iron and magnesium are known as ultramafic.

• The following chart, reproduced from the course
  textbook on page 62, is how igneous rocks are
  classified.

68
Classification
Granitic (Felsic) Andesitic (Intermediate) Basaltic (Mafic) Ultramafic
Phaneritic (coarse-grained) Peridotite
Aphanitic (fine-grained) Komatite
Major Mineral Composition Quartz K-Feldspar Na-Feldspar Amphibole Intermediate plagioclase Ca-Feldspar Pyroxene Olivine Pyroxene
Minor Mineral Composition Muscovite Biotite Amphibole Pyroxene Amphibole Biotite Olivine Amphibole Ca-Feldspar
Rock Color Based on dark minerals Light-colored lt 15 dark minerals Medium-colored 15-40 dark minerals Dark grey to black gt 40 dark minerals Dark-green to black 100 dark minerals
69
Classification
Granitic (Felsic) Andesitic (Intermediate) Basaltic (Mafic) Ultramafic
Phaneritic (coarse-grained) granite Peridotite
Aphanitic (fine-grained) Komatite
Major Mineral Composition Quartz K-Feldspar Na-Feldspar Amphibole Intermediate plagioclase Ca-Feldspar Pyroxene Olivine Pyroxene
Minor Mineral Composition Muscovite Biotite Amphibole Pyroxene Amphibole Biotite Olivine Amphibole Ca-Feldspar
Rock Color Based on dark minerals Light-colored lt 15 dark minerals Medium-colored 15-40 dark minerals Dark grey to black gt 40 dark minerals Dark-green to black 100 dark minerals
70
Classification
Granitic (Felsic) Andesitic (Intermediate) Basaltic (Mafic) Ultramafic
Phaneritic (coarse-grained) granite diorite Peridotite
Aphanitic (fine-grained) Komatite
Major Mineral Composition Quartz K-Feldspar Na-Feldspar Amphibole Intermediate plagioclase Ca-Feldspar Pyroxene Olivine Pyroxene
Minor Mineral Composition Muscovite Biotite Amphibole Pyroxene Amphibole Biotite Olivine Amphibole Ca-Feldspar
Rock Color Based on dark minerals Light-colored lt 15 dark minerals Medium-colored 15-40 dark minerals Dark grey to black gt 40 dark minerals Dark-green to black 100 dark minerals
71
Classification
Granitic (Felsic) Andesitic (Intermediate) Basaltic (Mafic) Ultramafic
Phaneritic (coarse-grained) granite diorite gabbro Peridotite
Aphanitic (fine-grained) Komatite
Major Mineral Composition Quartz K-Feldspar Na-Feldspar Amphibole Intermediate plagioclase Ca-Feldspar Pyroxene Olivine Pyroxene
Minor Mineral Composition Muscovite Biotite Amphibole Pyroxene Amphibole Biotite Olivine Amphibole Ca-Feldspar
Rock Color Based on dark minerals Light-colored lt 15 dark minerals Medium-colored 15-40 dark minerals Dark grey to black gt 40 dark minerals Dark-green to black 100 dark minerals
72
Classification
Granitic (Felsic) Andesitic (Intermediate) Basaltic (Mafic) Ultramafic
Phaneritic (coarse-grained) granite diorite gabbro Peridotite
Aphanitic (fine-grained) rhyolite Komatite
Major Mineral Composition Quartz K-Feldspar Na-Feldspar Amphibole Intermediate plagioclase Ca-Feldspar Pyroxene Olivine Pyroxene
Minor Mineral Composition Muscovite Biotite Amphibole Pyroxene Amphibole Biotite Olivine Amphibole Ca-Feldspar
Rock Color Based on dark minerals Light-colored lt 15 dark minerals Medium-colored 15-40 dark minerals Dark grey to black gt 40 dark minerals Dark-green to black 100 dark minerals
73
Classification
Granitic (Felsic) Andesitic (Intermediate) Basaltic (Mafic) Ultramafic
Phaneritic (coarse-grained) granite diorite gabbro Peridotite
Aphanitic (fine-grained) rhyolite andesite Komatite
Major Mineral Composition Quartz K-Feldspar Na-Feldspar Amphibole Intermediate plagioclase Ca-Feldspar Pyroxene Olivine Pyroxene
Minor Mineral Composition Muscovite Biotite Amphibole Pyroxene Amphibole Biotite Olivine Amphibole Ca-Feldspar
Rock Color Based on dark minerals Light-colored lt 15 dark minerals Medium-colored 15-40 dark minerals Dark grey to black gt 40 dark minerals Dark-green to black 100 dark minerals
74
Classification
Granitic (Felsic) Andesitic (Intermediate) Basaltic (Mafic) Ultramafic
Phaneritic (coarse-grained) granite diorite gabbro Peridotite
Aphanitic (fine-grained) rhyolite andesite basalt Komatite
Major Mineral Composition Quartz K-Feldspar Na-Feldspar Amphibole Intermediate plagioclase Ca-Feldspar Pyroxene Olivine Pyroxene
Minor Mineral Composition Muscovite Biotite Amphibole Pyroxene Amphibole Biotite Olivine Amphibole Ca-Feldspar
Rock Color Based on dark minerals Light-colored lt 15 dark minerals Medium-colored 15-40 dark minerals Dark grey to black gt 40 dark minerals Dark-green to black 100 dark minerals
75
Formation of Sedimentary Rock

• Although Earths crust is primarily
  _______________ rock, most of the crusts surface
  is covered by ___________________ rock.

76
Formation of Sedimentary Rock

• Although Earths crust is primarily igneous rock,
  most of the crusts surface is covered by
  Sedimentary rock.

77
Formation of Sedimentary Rock

• Although Earths crust is primarily igneous rock,
  most of the crusts surface is covered by
  Sedimentary rock.

• In most simple terms, sedimentary rocks occur
  through _____________________ and
  ___________________________ of layers of sediment.

78
Formation of Sedimentary Rock

• Although Earths crust is primarily igneous rock,
  most of the crusts surface is covered by
  Sedimentary rock.

• In most simple terms, sedimentary rocks occur
  through cementation and compaction of layers of
  sediment.

79
Formation of Sedimentary Rock

• Although Earths crust is primarily igneous rock,
  most of the crusts surface is covered by
  Sedimentary rock.

• In most simple terms, sedimentary rocks occur
  through cementation and compaction of layers of
  sediment.

• Most sedimentary rocks form in __________________
  environments.

80
Formation of Sedimentary Rock

• Although Earths crust is primarily igneous rock,
  most of the crusts surface is covered by
  Sedimentary rock.

• In most simple terms, sedimentary rocks occur
  through cementation and compaction of layers of
  sediment.

• Most sedimentary rocks form in aquatic
  environments.

81
Formation of Sedimentary Rock

• Although Earths crust is primarily igneous rock,
  most of the crusts surface is covered by
  Sedimentary rock.

• In most simple terms, sedimentary rocks occur
  through cementation and compaction of layers of
  sediment.

• Most sedimentary rocks form in aquatic
  environments.

• ______________________ is when rock fragments
  settle in a particular area.

82
Formation of Sedimentary Rock

• Although Earths crust is primarily igneous rock,
  most of the crusts surface is covered by
  Sedimentary rock.

• In most simple terms, sedimentary rocks occur
  through cementation and compaction of layers of
  sediment.

• Most sedimentary rocks form in aquatic
  environments.

• Deposition is when rock fragments settle in a
  particular area.

83
Formation of Sedimentary Rock

• Although Earths crust is primarily igneous rock,
  most of the crusts surface is covered by
  Sedimentary rock.

• In most simple terms, sedimentary rocks occur
  through cementation and compaction of layers of
  sediment.

• Most sedimentary rocks form in aquatic
  environments.

• Deposition is when rock fragments settle in a
  particular area.

• In a stream, __________________ is first to be
  deposited, then _______________, then
  ____________________.

84
Formation of Sedimentary Rock

• Although Earths crust is primarily igneous rock,
  most of the crusts surface is covered by
  Sedimentary rock.

• In most simple terms, sedimentary rocks occur
  through cementation and compaction of layers of
  sediment.

• Most sedimentary rocks form in aquatic
  environments.

• Deposition is when rock fragments settle in a
  particular area.

• In a stream, boulders are first to be deposited,
  then gravel, then sand/silt.

85
Formation of Sedimentary Rock

• Rock particles become ________________ when they
  bump in to each other in a stream.

86
Formation of Sedimentary Rock

• Rock particles become rounded when they bump in
  to each other in a stream.

87
Formation of Sedimentary Rock

• Rock particles become rounded when they bump in
  to each other in a stream.

• Sedimentary rocks are broken down into 3 groups.

_________________ rock _________________ rock __________________ rock
Fragments of other rocks that are cemented and compacted together create this type of rock. Rocks that are formed when minerals dissolved in water precipitate, or fall out of solution, form this type of rock. Rocks that are formed from sediments consisting of the remains of plants and animals.
Common examples are Common examples are Common examples are
88
Formation of Sedimentary Rock

• Rock particles become rounded when they bump in
  to each other in a stream.

• Sedimentary rocks are broken down into 3 groups.

Clastic rock _________________ rock __________________ rock
Fragments of other rocks that are cemented and compacted together create this type of rock. Rocks that are formed when minerals dissolved in water precipitate, or fall out of solution, form this type of rock. Rocks that are formed from sediments consisting of the remains of plants and animals.
Common examples are Common examples are Common examples are
89
Formation of Sedimentary Rock

• Rock particles become rounded when they bump in
  to each other in a stream.

• Sedimentary rocks are broken down into 3 groups.

Clastic rock _________________ rock __________________ rock
Fragments of other rocks that are cemented and compacted together create this type of rock. Rocks that are formed when minerals dissolved in water precipitate, or fall out of solution, form this type of rock. Rocks that are formed from sediments consisting of the remains of plants and animals.
Common examples are Sandstone and Shale Common examples are Common examples are
90
Formation of Sedimentary Rock

• Rock particles become rounded when they bump in
  to each other in a stream.

• Sedimentary rocks are broken down into 3 groups.

Clastic rock Chemical Evaporite rock __________________ rock
Fragments of other rocks that are cemented and compacted together create this type of rock. Rocks that are formed when minerals dissolved in water precipitate, or fall out of solution, form this type of rock. Rocks that are formed from sediments consisting of the remains of plants and animals.
Common examples are Sandstone and Shale Common examples are Common examples are
91
Formation of Sedimentary Rock

• Rock particles become rounded when they bump in
  to each other in a stream.

• Sedimentary rocks are broken down into 3 groups.

Clastic rock Chemical Evaporite rock __________________ rock
Fragments of other rocks that are cemented and compacted together create this type of rock. Rocks that are formed when minerals dissolved in water precipitate, or fall out of solution, form this type of rock. Rocks that are formed from sediments consisting of the remains of plants and animals.
Common examples are Sandstone and Shale Common examples are Salt and Tufa Common examples are
92
Formation of Sedimentary Rock

• Rock particles become rounded when they bump in
  to each other in a stream.

• Sedimentary rocks are broken down into 3 groups.

Clastic rock Chemical Evaporite rock Organic or Bioclastic rock
Fragments of other rocks that are cemented and compacted together create this type of rock. Rocks that are formed when minerals dissolved in water precipitate, or fall out of solution, form this type of rock. Rocks that are formed from sediments consisting of the remains of plants and animals.
Common examples are Sandstone and Shale Common examples are Salt and Tufa Common examples are
93
Formation of Sedimentary Rock

• Rock particles become rounded when they bump in
  to each other in a stream.

• Sedimentary rocks are broken down into 3 groups.

Clastic rock Chemical Evaporite rock Organic or Bioclastic rock
Fragments of other rocks that are cemented and compacted together create this type of rock. Rocks that are formed when minerals dissolved in water precipitate, or fall out of solution, form this type of rock. Rocks that are formed from sediments consisting of the remains of plants and animals.
Common examples are Sandstone and Shale Common examples are Salt and Tufa Common examples are Chalk, Fossiliferous Limestone, Bituminous Coal
94
Features of Sedimentary Rock

• The single most characteristic feature of
  sedimentary rocks is __________________ the
  arrangement of visible layers.

95
Features of Sedimentary Rock

• The single most characteristic feature of
  sedimentary rocks is stratification, the
  arrangement of visible layers.

96
Features of Sedimentary Rock

• The single most characteristic feature of
  sedimentary rocks is stratification, the
  arrangement of visible layers.

• The ______________ layers of sedimentary rock are
  always on the bottom of a column. The
  _______________ layers are always on the top of a
  column.

97
Features of Sedimentary Rock

• The single most characteristic feature of
  sedimentary rocks is stratification, the
  arrangement of visible layers.

• The oldest layers of sedimentary rock are always
  on the bottom of a column. The youngest layers
  are always on the top of a column.

98
Features of Sedimentary Rock

• The single most characteristic feature of
  sedimentary rocks is stratification, the
  arrangement of visible layers.

• The oldest layers of sedimentary rock are always
  on the bottom of a column. The youngest layers
  are always on the top of a column.

• Some sedimentary rocks contain ___________________
  . These could be the remains, impression, or any
  other evidence of a plant or animal preserved in
  rock. See Chapter 29 for details.

99
Features of Sedimentary Rock

• The single most characteristic feature of
  sedimentary rocks is stratification, the
  arrangement of visible layers.

• The oldest layers of sedimentary rock are always
  on the bottom of a column. The youngest layers
  are always on the top of a column.

• Some sedimentary rocks contain fossils. These
  could be the remains, impression, or any other
  evidence of a plant or animal preserved in rock.
  See Chapter 29 for details.

100
Metamorphic Rock Processes

• Metamorphic rocks are formed from preexisting
  rocks called _______________ rocks. The
  _________________ rocks can be igneous,
  sedimentary, or metamorphic.

101
Metamorphic Rock Processes

• Metamorphic rocks are formed from preexisting
  rocks called parent rocks. The parent rocks can
  be igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic.

102
Metamorphic Rock Processes

• Metamorphic rocks are formed from preexisting
  rocks called parent rocks. The parent rocks can
  be igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic.

• A change in a rocks structure by
  ___________________, ___________________, and
  __________________ ________________ is called
  metamorphism.

103
Metamorphic Rock Processes

• Metamorphic rocks are formed from preexisting
  rocks called parent rocks. The parent rocks can
  be igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic.

• A change in a rocks structure by heat, pressure,
  and chemical activity is called metamorphism.

104
Metamorphic Rock Processes

• Metamorphic rocks are formed from preexisting
  rocks called parent rocks. The parent rocks can
  be igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic.

• A change in a rocks structure by heat, pressure,
  and chemical activity is called metamorphism.

• There are two basic types of metamorphism
  _____________ and _____________.

105
Metamorphic Rock Processes

• Metamorphic rocks are formed from preexisting
  rocks called parent rocks. The parent rocks can
  be igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic.

• A change in a rocks structure by heat, pressure,
  and chemical activity is called metamorphism.

• There are two basic types of metamorphism
  regional and local.

106
Metamorphic Rock Processes

• Metamorphic rocks are formed from preexisting
  rocks called parent rocks. The parent rocks can
  be igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic.

• A change in a rocks structure by heat, pressure,
  and chemical activity is called metamorphism.

• There are two basic types of metamorphism
  regional and local.

• _________________ metamorphism can occur during
  mountain-building events. The intense ___________
  and _____________ from overlying and compressing
  rock causes the chemical composition, texture,
  and/or internal structure of the rock to change.

107
Metamorphic Rock Processes

• Metamorphic rocks are formed from preexisting
  rocks called parent rocks. The parent rocks can
  be igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic.

• A change in a rocks structure by heat, pressure,
  and chemical activity is called metamorphism.

• There are two basic types of metamorphism
  regional and local.

• Regional metamorphism can occur during
  mountain-building events. The intense heat and
  pressure from overlying and compressing rock
  causes the chemical composition, texture, and/or
  internal structure of the rock to change.

108
Metamorphic Rock Processes

• Metamorphic rocks are formed from preexisting
  rocks called parent rocks. The parent rocks can
  be igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic.

• A change in a rocks structure by heat, pressure,
  and chemical activity is called metamorphism.

• There are two basic types of metamorphism
  regional and local.

• Regional metamorphism can occur during
  mountain-building events. The intense heat and
  pressure from overlying and compressing rock
  causes the chemical composition, texture, and/or
  internal structure of the rock to change.

• Metamorphic rocks are ____________ dense than the
  parent rocks.

109
Metamorphic Rock Processes

• Metamorphic rocks are formed from preexisting
  rocks called parent rocks. The parent rocks can
  be igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic.

• A change in a rocks structure by heat, pressure,
  and chemical activity is called metamorphism.

• There are two basic types of metamorphism
  regional and local.

• Regional metamorphism can occur during
  mountain-building events. The intense heat and
  pressure from overlying and compressing rock
  causes the chemical composition, texture, and/or
  internal structure of the rock to change.

• Metamorphic rocks are more dense than the parent
  rocks.

110
Metamorphic Rock Processes

• The degree of metamorphism is determined by the
  amount of _____________, _________________, and
  _________________ ________________.

111
Metamorphic Rock Processes

• The degree of metamorphism is determined by the
  amount of heat, pressure, and chemical activity.

112
Metamorphic Rock Processes

• The degree of metamorphism is determined by the
  amount of heat, pressure, and chemical activity.

• Two types of local metamorphism are called
  _____________ and ______________.

113
Metamorphic Rock Processes

• The degree of metamorphism is determined by the
  amount of heat, pressure, and chemical activity.

• Two types of local metamorphism are called
  contact and deformational.

114
Metamorphic Rock Processes

• The degree of metamorphism is determined by the
  amount of heat, pressure, and chemical activity.

• Two types of local metamorphism are called
  contact and deformational.

• ________________ metamorphism occurs when hot
  magma comes in contact with rock, thereby heating
  and changing it.

115
Metamorphic Rock Processes

• The degree of metamorphism is determined by the
  amount of heat, pressure, and chemical activity.

• Two types of local metamorphism are called
  contact and deformational.

• Contact metamorphism occurs when hot magma comes
  in contact with rock, thereby heating and
  changing it.

116
Metamorphic Rock Processes

• The degree of metamorphism is determined by the
  amount of heat, pressure, and chemical activity.

• Two types of local metamorphism are called
  contact and deformational.

• Contact metamorphism occurs when hot magma comes
  in contact with rock, thereby heating and
  changing it.

• ________________ metamorphism occurs at low
  temperatures and high pressure caused by stress
  and friction near earthquake faults. The altered
  rocks have the same mineral composition, but show
  changes in structure and texture.

117
Metamorphic Rock Processes

• The degree of metamorphism is determined by the
  amount of heat, pressure, and chemical activity.

• Two types of local metamorphism are called
  contact and deformational.

• Contact metamorphism occurs when hot magma comes
  in contact with rock, thereby heating and
  changing it.

• Deformational metamorphism occurs at low
  temperatures and high pressure caused by stress
  and friction near earthquake faults. The altered
  rocks have the same mineral composition, but show
  changes in structure and texture.

118
Metamorphic Rock Descriptions

• The descriptions and identifications of
  metamorphic rocks are often based on the parent
  rock, mineral content, and texture.

119
Metamorphic Rock Descriptions

• The descriptions and identifications of
  metamorphic rocks are often based on the parent
  rock, mineral content, and texture.

• ____________________ is the tendency of a rock to
  form bands of minerals or split along parallel
  layers.

120
Metamorphic Rock Descriptions

• The descriptions and identifications of
  metamorphic rocks are often based on the parent
  rock, mineral content, and texture.

• Foliation is the tendency of a rock to form bands
  of minerals or split along parallel layers.

121
Metamorphic Rock Descriptions

• The descriptions and identifications of
  metamorphic rocks are often based on the parent
  rock, mineral content, and texture.

• Foliation is the tendency of a rock to form bands
  of minerals or split along parallel layers.

• Metamorphic rocks are either ________________ or
  _______ ________________.

______________________ rocks _______ ________________ rocks
Rocks that form alternating bands of minerals or split along parallel layers Rocks that appear shiny, crystalline, or deformed, but do not have layering.
Common examples are Common examples are
122
Metamorphic Rock Descriptions

• The descriptions and identifications of
  metamorphic rocks are often based on the parent
  rock, mineral content, and texture.

• Foliation is the tendency of a rock to form bands
  of minerals or split along parallel layers.

• Metamorphic rocks are either foliated or
  non-foliated.

______________________ rocks _______ ________________ rocks
Rocks that form alternating bands of minerals or split along parallel layers Rocks that appear shiny, crystalline, or deformed, but do not have layering.
Common examples are Common examples are
123
Metamorphic Rock Descriptions

• The descriptions and identifications of
  metamorphic rocks are often based on the parent
  rock, mineral content, and texture.

• Foliation is the tendency of a rock to form bands
  of minerals or split along parallel layers.

• Metamorphic rocks are either foliated or
  non-foliated.

Foliated rocks _______ ________________ rocks
Rocks that form alternating bands of minerals or split along parallel layers Rocks that appear shiny, crystalline, or deformed, but do not have layering.
Common examples are Common examples are
124
Metamorphic Rock Descriptions

• The descriptions and identifications of
  metamorphic rocks are often based on the parent
  rock, mineral content, and texture.

• Foliation is the tendency of a rock to form bands
  of minerals or split along parallel layers.

• Metamorphic rocks are either foliated or
  non-foliated.

Foliated rocks _______ ________________ rocks
Rocks that form alternating bands of minerals or split along parallel layers Rocks that appear shiny, crystalline, or deformed, but do not have layering.
Common examples are Slate, Schist, Phyllite, Gneiss Common examples are
125
Metamorphic Rock Descriptions

• The descriptions and identifications of
  metamorphic rocks are often based on the parent
  rock, mineral content, and texture.

• Foliation is the tendency of a rock to form bands
  of minerals or split along parallel layers.

• Metamorphic rocks are either foliated or
  non-foliated.

Foliated rocks Non-foliated rocks
Rocks that form alternating bands of minerals or split along parallel layers Rocks that appear shiny, crystalline, or deformed, but do not have layering.
Common examples are Slate, Schist, Phyllite, Gneiss Common examples are
126
Metamorphic Rock Descriptions

• The descriptions and identifications of
  metamorphic rocks are often based on the parent
  rock, mineral content, and texture.

• Foliation is the tendency of a rock to form bands
  of minerals or split along parallel layers.

• Metamorphic rocks are either foliated or
  non-foliated.

Foliated rocks Non-foliated rocks
Rocks that form alternating bands of minerals or split along parallel layers Rocks that appear shiny, crystalline, or deformed, but do not have layering.
Common examples are Slate, Schist, Phyllite, Gneiss Common examples are Marble, Quartzite