Title: RISK ASSESSMENTS AND PRECAUTIONS OF DISEASES SHARED BY PEOPLE AND ANIMALS
1RISK ASSESSMENTS AND PRECAUTIONS OF
DISEASESSHARED BY PEOPLE AND ANIMALS
- James Wright, DVM, MPVM
- Zoonosis Control Division
- Texas Department of State Health Services
- Tyler, Texas
- Buddy Faries, DVM, MS
- Texas Cooperative Extension
- Texas AM University
- College Station, Texas
2- Buddy James, you are a public health
veterinarian. What occupies most of your time? - James Zoonotic diseases (rabies, WNV, anthrax,
plague), also anmal control officer rtraining and
consultation.
3- Buddy Do a lot of people get rabies?
- James No. Very few. However, because
transmission is via animal bites, every bite must
be followed up. In the mind of most physicians,
every biting animal is rabid until proven
otherwise. - Buddy So how does someone prove an animal was
not rabid when it inflicted a bite?
4How to prove an animal does NOT have rabies..
- Quarantine (dog, cat, or ferret)
5Transmission of the rabies virus is via the
saliva
- Important fact in dogs, cats, and ferrets
- Animal will not have virus in its salivary
glands for more than 5-6 days before showing some
other sign of being ill.
Thereforequarantine for 10 days
6- Buddy What is the other way to prove the animal
was not rabid when it bit?
7How to prove an animal does NOT have rabies..
- Quarantine (dog, cat, or ferret)
Lab testing
8So when a mother whose child has been bitten by
an animal calls, what our audience tell her?
9Bite victim should
Animal control can help
Do NOT shoot in the head
10- Buddy That makes sense. I am sure some of our
audience might get confused on quarantine period
vs incubation period. The incubation period for
rabies is 2 weeks to several months. Therefore,
the quarantine just looks at the very last part
of the incubation period and the very earliest
time of clinical signs. That is to evaluate
whether a dog or cat might be shedding the virus
in its saliva.
11Incubation Period
- Variable
- 2 weeks to several months
- Quarantine period (dog or cat)
- 10 days
12- Buddy Rabies is a universally fatal disease.
There is no cure. If a person cannot quarantine
or laboratory test an animal that inflicted a
bite, what does a person do to prevent rabies?
13Treatment
- Wash wound immediately
- Consider post-exposure prophylaxis
- Not a foregone conclusion
- Rarely an emergency
14- James Determine the species of the biting
animal. - Buddy Yes certain species are considered to be
very high risk of being a rabies reservoir. For
example
15Post-exposure Prophylaxis Decision
Species of biting animal
16Skunk High Risk
17Coyote High Risk
18Fox High Risk
19Raccoon High Risk
20- James will talk about bats after Buddy mentions
the species
21BAT High Risk
Since 1980 in the US, over 90 of the
domestically acquired human rabies cases were
from bats.
22- James We have talked about high risk animal
species, would you list some low risk animals,
too?
23Low Risk Animals
- opossums
- armadillos
- rabbits
- rats, mice, squirrels, beavers
24- Buddy Besides the availability for quarantine
or testing and the animals species, what else
helps a doctor in deciding whether to administer
the rabies post-exposure treatment?
25Post-exposure Prophylaxis Decision
Vaccination status of animal
- Prevalence of rabies in the area
26- Buddy There are thousands of animal bites every
year in Texas. Why do you think there are so few
cases of human rabies?
27Few Cases of Human Rabies in US
-
- Vaccination of pets
- Public health education
- Bite follow-up
28Local Rabies Control Authority (LRCA) Health
and Safety Code 826.017 -- Commissioners Court
of each county and local governing body of each
municipality shall designate...local rabies
control authority. Can be health officer, animal
control officer, peace officer, or any other
entity.
29- James What are protective measures that people
can follow to protect themselves against exposure
to rabies?
30CREATE RABIES IMMUNED BARRIERSBETWEEN PEOPLE AND
WILDLIFE
31- MAINTAIN IMMUNITY IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS
- CONFINED HORSES, SHOW LIVESTOCK
- DOGS, CATS
32- ADOPT VACCINATION PROGRAMS RECOMMENDED BY
VETERINARIANS
33DISCOURAGE POTENTIAL RABIES RESERVOIRSFROM
INHABITING PREMISES AROUND HOME
- SKUNKS, BATS, RACCOONS, FOXES, COYOTES
34- ELIMINATE BRUSHY, GRASSY AREAS FOR WILDLIFE
NESTING
35- PREVENT PET AND LIVESTOCK FOODS FOR WILDLIFE
FEEDING - ELIMINATE WILD PERSIMMON TREES AND BERRY VINES
THAT ATTRACT WILDLIFE
36AVOID WILDLIFE PETS
37Buddy Is there anywhere in Texas that rabies is
not something to be considered?
38- James Afraid not, Buddy. Lets look at the
distribution of rabies in Texas.
39 40- Buddy - We have covered rabies. Now lets move
on and talk about some disease vectors common all
over the state. - James You must mean ticks.
- Buddy Yes. Ticks are an irritant themselves,
but they can carry some diseases also. Since
most of our audience are not physicians or direct
patient care providers, lets take only a brief
look at the clinical symptoms of these illnesses.
We can then discuss what our public health
staffs can tell folks to help them keep from
acquiring the illnesses. James, give us a brief
overview of the tickborne diseases.
41Ticks and Disease
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Erhlichia Lyme
Disease STARI
42Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
- Transmit
- Infected tick bite
- Contamination of broken skin or mucous membranes
with infected tick feces. - Symptoms are severe
- Treat -- antibiotics
43Erhlichia
- Symptoms
- Fever, headache, muscle aches, vomiting, nausea
- Mild to fatal
- Treat -- antibiotics
44Lyme Disease
- Flu-like symptoms (fever, malaise, fatigue,
muscle aches) - Erythema Migrans (60)
- Chronic
- Neurological abnormalities
- Cardiac abnormalities
- Arthritis (swelling pain)
- Treat antibiotics
45- James That is a quick look at the illnesses
transmitted by ticks. Buddy, how about
discussing ways a person avoids getting these
diseases? - Buddy There are a few strategies for avoiding
disease transmission from ticks. First, dont
get bit by ticks. That is, of course, easier
said than done.
46Preventing Tick-borne Disease
- Clothes to exclude or see the ticks
47Preventing Tick-borne Disease
48Preventing Tick-borne Disease
- Clothes to exclude or see the ticks
- Repellants
- DEET is the gold standard
49- James Even if a tick attaches to a person, that
doesnt mean disease transmission is for sure.
50Preventing Tick-borne Disease
- Clothes to exclude or see the ticks
- Repellants
- Tick Checks
- Ticks must be attached several hours before
transmit the organism
51Preventing Tick-borne Disease
- Clothes to exclude or see the ticks
- Repellants
- Tick Checks
- Ticks must be attached several hours before
transmit the organism - Proper tick removal
52Not Recommended
53(No Transcript)
54Tick Removal
55Preventing Tick-borne Disease
- Clothes to exclude or see the ticks
- Repellants
- Tick checks
- Proper tick removal
- Dont crush ticks
56- James Buddy, how can people control ticks in
their environment? That would go a long way in
helping them avoid a tick bite. - (Buddy, talk as much as you want to on keeping
ticks off pets and livestock and controlling them
in the yard
57Preventing Tick-borne Disease
- Clothes to exclude or see the ticks
- Repellants
- Tick checks
- Proper tick removal
- Dont crush ticks
- Keep pets and yard free of ticks
58- APPLY CHEMICALS ON ANIMALS
- SPRAYS, DIPS, COLLARS, SPOT-ONS, BACKRUBBERS
59- BURN NON-FLAMMABLE HOUSING AREAS
60- SURVEY OUTDOOR AREAS
- DRAG WHITE FLANNEL SHEET
61- APPLY ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS ON PREMISES
- SPRAYS, BAITS
62- DISCOURAGE ENVIRONMENTAL HOSTS ON PREMISES
- DEER, RABBITS, RODENTS, FERAL SWINE
63- CONTROL BRUSH AND WEEDS
- CHEMICAL APPLICATION
- MECHANICAL REMOVAL
- BURN PASTURE
64- James The zoonotic diseases, that we have
discussed this afternoon, are transmitted by
animal bites or tick bites. A food-borne,
zoonotic disease, that is not known to be in the
US, is BSE. What is BSE? What are the
safeguards or firewalls enforced by USDA to
prevent this disease from entering the US and
from being transmitted to cattle and people?
65BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY (BSE)
66SPECIFIED RISK MATERIALS (SRMs)
- BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, SKULL, VERTEBRAE, ILEUM OF
CATTLE
67TRANSMISSION
- CATTLE
- EAT CONTAMINATED MEAT, BONE, BLOOD MEALS
-
- PEOPLE
- EAT CONTAMINATED GROUND MEAT
68SAFEGUARDS FIREWALLS
- USDA IMPORT BANS
- RUMINANTS AND RUMINANT PRODUCTS
- COUNTRIES KNOWN TO HAVE BSE
69- USDA CATTLE FEED BANS
- RUMINANT MEAT, BONE AND BLOOD MEALS
- POULTRY LITTER
70- USDA CATTLE SLAUGHTER BANS
- DOWNERS
- BRAIN, SPINAL CORD
- SMALL INTESTINE
- SKULL, VERTEBRAE gt30 MOS AGE
71- James Enforcement of the safeguards by USDA, as
you have discussed the slaughter surveillance in
testing of cattle brains by USDA and no evidence
of BSE in the US, reduce consumers concern of
exposure to BSE by consumption of beef in the US.
72- Buddy Closing remarks
-
- James Closing remarks
73(No Transcript)