Biochemistry Notes

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Biochemistry Notes
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Carbon

• Organic molecules contain carbon.
• Carbon has 4 electrons available for bonding.

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Isomers

• Have same chemical formula but different three
  dimensional structure

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Polymer

• Polymer - a molecular chain made up of smaller
  molecules bonded together (poly many)

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Monomer

• Monomer - 1 subunit of a polymer (mono one)
• Glucose is an example of a monomer

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Macromolecules

• Macromolecule - large organic molecule made up of
  polymers

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Carbohydrates

• Organic compound made up of C, H O
• Store and release energy
• Monosaccharide (glucoseC6H12O6, fructose)
• Disaccharide - 2 monosaccharides (glucose
  fructose sucrose)
• Polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen) -
  food storage and cell structures
• Glycogen - animal cells
• Starch - plant energy
• Cellulose-plant cell struct.

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Polysaccharide
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Cellulose in a Plant
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Lipids

• Monomers are fatty acids
• Ex. fats, oils, phospholipids in cell
  membranes
• Non-polar - insoluble in water
• Structure
• 3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol

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Lipid function

• Long-term energy storage, insulation, cell
  structure (lipid bi-layer/cell membrane)

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Saturated Fatty Acid

• Solid at room temperature
• Bad for heart
• Meat, butter
• Contain lots of hydrogen atoms and carbons are
  linked with single bonds in fatty acid chain

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Unsaturated Fatty Acid

• Liquid at room temperature
• Good for your heart
• Olive oil, nuts, fish.
• Contain few hydrogen atoms because carbon atoms
  have double bonds in fatty acid chain.

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Proteins

• Proteins provide structure (skin, hair,
  cartilage, muscle) and are carry out all cell
  metabolism (enzymes)
• The shape determines function
• Monomeramino acids
• Linked together by peptide bonds (type of
  covalent bond)

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Protein Structure

• Primary amino acid sequence
• Secondary - hydrogen bonding between a.a.s
• causes twisting 2-D shape
• Tertiary - additional folding
• functional protein 3-D shape
• Quaternary - 2 or more amino acid (polypeptide)
  chains
• complex

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Primary Structure
Secondary
Teritary
Quaternary
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Nucleic Acids

• Macromolecule that stores and transfers genetic
  material
• Made up of nucleotides
• made up of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a
  nitrogen base
• DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
• RNA ribonucleic acid

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Nucleotides
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Reactions of Polymers

• Dehydration Synthesis small molecules are
  linked together to form large molecules
• Lose one molecule of water when this happens

• Hydrolysis large molecules are broken down into
  smaller molecules.
• Water molecule is used to break up the polymer

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Dehydration Synthesis

• Also called condensation reaction
• Two molecules become covalently bonded to one
  another
• One molecule looses OH the other looses H to
  form water H2O

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Hydrolysis

• Molecule is split into two parts by reacting with
  water. One of the parts gets an OH- from the
  water molecule and the other part gets an H from
  the water.