The French Revolution 1789

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The French Revolution1789
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Four phases of the French Revolution

• 1. Liberal Phase (1789-1791)
• 2. Radical Phase (1792-1794)
• 3. Directory Rule (1795-1799)
• 4. Napoleonic Era (1799-1815)

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Pre-Revolutionary France (up to 1789)

• Why did revolution break out in 1789?
• What were the causes of the French Revolution?

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1 The French Monarchy (1774-1793)

• Marie Antoinette Louis XVI

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Marie Antoinette and the Royal Children
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Marie Antoinettes Peasant Cottage
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Marie Antoinettes Peasant Cottage
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The Necklace Scandal

• Cardinal Louis René de Rohan Jean de La Motte

• 1,600,000 livres
• (100 million today)

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Let them eat cake!

• Madame Deficit
• The Austrian Whore

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2 An Outdated Social Structure

• Legal division into 3 orders, or estates
• First Estate Clergy
• Second Estate Nobility
• Third Estate Commoners (bourgeoisie peasants)

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Inequitable Distribution of Land
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The People under the Old Regime
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3 Enlightenment Ideas

• Classical Liberalism
• Liberty Equality

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Liberty

• A call for
• individual human rights
• a new kind of government

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John Locke (1632-1704)

• no one ought to harm another in his life,
  health, liberty, or possessions

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Montesquieu (1689-1755)

• When the legislative and executive powers are
  united in the same person, or in the same body of
  magistrates, there can be no liberty because
  apprehensions may arise, lest the same monarch or
  senate should enact tyrannical laws, to execute
  them in a tyrannical manner.

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Equality

• All citizens should have equal rights and
  liberties, except
• women excluded
• economic equality excluded

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Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)

• right to Life, Liberty and the pursuit of
  Happiness

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4 Model of the American Revolution

• The Boston Tea Party, 1773

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The Declaration of IndependenceJuly 4, 1776
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5 Financial Problems

• French Budget, 1774

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Where is the tax money?
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Phase 1The Liberal Phase (1789-1791)
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Convening of the Estates GeneralMay 1789
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The Suggested Voting Pattern Voting by Estates
1st Estate Clergy
1
2nd Estate Aristocracy
1
1
3rd Estate Commoners
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The Number of Representatives in the Estates
General Vote by Head!
1st Estate Clergy
300
2nd Estate Aristocracy
300
648
3rd Estate Commoners
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The Third Estate Awakens

• June 17, 1789 Formation of the National Assembly

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The Tennis Courth Oathby Jacques Louis David

• June 20, 1789

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Storming the BastilleJuly 14, 1789
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Revolutionary Paris, 1789
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The French Urban Poor
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The Great Fear Peasant Revolt

• July 20, 1789

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March of the WomenOctober 5-6, 1789

• We want the baker, the bakers wife and the
  bakers boy!

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National Assembly1789-1791

• August Decrees
• (August 4-11, 1789)

Liberté!
Egalité!
Fraternité!
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The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the
Citizen

• August 26, 1789
• Men are born free and remain free and equal in
  rights.
• (but NOT of Woman)

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The Tricolor, 1789

• The WHITE of the Bourbons the RED and BLUE of
  Paris

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83 Revolutionary DepartmentsFebruary 26, 1790
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Civil Constitution of the ClergyJuly 12, 1790

• national church
• clergy elected
• oath of allegiance

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Assignats

• They were backed by the sale of Church lands.

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Louis XVI accepts the constitution and National
Assembly, September 1791

• absolute monarchy
• ?
• constitutional monarchy
• (CONSTITUTION 1)

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French Constitution of 1791A Constitutional
Monarchy

• the king got the suspensive veto (prevented
  passage of laws for 4 years)
• he could not pass laws
• his ministers were responsible for their own
  actions
• a permanent, elected, single chamber Legislative
  Assembly
• had the power to grant taxation
• an independent judiciary

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While the revolutionaries seemingly got off to a
good start

• A foreshadowing of events to come.

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Phase 2The Radical Phase (1792-1794)
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Attitudes actions of monarchy court
Fear ofCounter-Revolution
Religiousdivisions
The Causes of Instability in France1792 - 1795
Politicaldivisions
EconomicCrises
War
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Royal family attempted to flee France June 1791

• Marie Antoinette risks her body to save her son,
  the crown prince.

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War (1792-1815)

• European monarchs feared spread of revolution
  (émigrés spread rumors)
• ?
• offered help to French monarchy
• ?
• French revolutionaries declared war
• 1792 Austria Prussia (First Coalition)
• 1793 Britain, Holland, Spain

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The Storming of the TuilieresAugust 10, 1792

• Royal family imprisoned.

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National Convention (1792-1795)

• replaced Legislative Assembly
• elected by universal male suffrage
• legislative branch of the new republic

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The September Massacres, 1792
Over 1,000 Parisians killed!
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The First French Republic (1792-1795)

• second revolution
• constitutional
• monarchy
• ?
• republic
• (CONSTITUTION 2)

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New pop cultureThe Tricolor is the Fashion!
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New pop cultureRevolutionary Playing Cards
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New pop culture A New Republican Calendar
I 1792 1793
II 1793 1794
III 1794 1795
IV 1795 1796
V 1796 1797
VI 1797 1798
VII 1798 1799
VIII 1799 1800
IX 1800 1801
X 1801 1802
XI 1802 1803
XII 1803 1804
XIII 1804 1805
XIV 1805
The Gregorian System returned in 1806.
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New pop cultureA New Republican Calendar
Vendemaire (Vintage) 22 September-21 October
Brumaire (Fog) 22 October-20 November
Frimaire (Frost) 21 November-20 December
Nivose (Snow) 21 December-19 January
Pluviose (Rain) 20 January-18 February
Ventose (Wind) 19 February-20 March
Germinal (Budding) 21 March-19 April
Floreal (Flowers) 20 April-19 May
Prairial (Meadows) 20 May-18 June
Messidor (Harvest) 19 June-18 July
Thermidor (Heat) 19 July-17 August
Fructidor (Fruit) 18 August-21 September
New Name Meaning Time Period
Vendemaire Vintage September 22 October 21
Brumaire Fog October 22 November 20
Frimaire Frost November 21 December 20
Nivose Snow December 21 January 19
Pluviose Rain January 20 February 18
Ventose Wind February 19 March 20
Germinal Budding March 21 April 19
Floreal Flowers April 20 May 19
Prairial Meadow May 20 June 18
Messidor Harvest June 19 July 18
Thermidor Heat July 19 August 17
Fructidor Fruit August 18 September 21
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The Jacobins

• Parisian political club
• younger, more radical than Natl. Assembly
  members
• dominated Legislative Assembly National
  Convention

Jacobin Meeting House
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A Jacobin Club Meeting
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The Politics of the National Convention
Montagnards The Mountain
Girondists

• More radical.
• Power base in Paris.
• Main support from the sans-culottes.
• Leaders Robespierre Danton

• More moderate.
• Power base in the provinces.
• Feared the influence of the sans-culottes.

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The Political Spectrum Today
1790s
The Plain(uncommitted)
Jacobins
Montagnards(The Mountain)
Girondists
Monarchíen(Royalists)
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The Sans-culottes The Parisian Poor
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Sans-culottes
Depicted as savages by a British cartoonist.
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Attempts to Control the Growing Crisis

• Revolutionary Tribunal in Paris ? try suspected
  counter-revolutionaries
• A. Representatives-on-mission
• B. Watch Committees
• C. Trial execution of rebels émigrés
• Printing of more assignats to pay for war
• Committee of Public Safety
• oversee and speed up govt. work
• Committee of General Security
• responsible for pursuit of counter-revolutiona
  ries, treatment of subjects, other internal
  security matters

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Committee of Public Safety Est. April 1793

• 12-member executive govt. during Reign of Terror
• revolutionary tribunals
• 300,000 arrested
• 16,000-50,000 executed

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Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794)
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Georges Jacques Danton (1759-1794)
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The Economy Committee of Public Safetys Total
War Legislation

• planned economy embryonic emergency socialism
• fixed prices
• rationing
• govt.-mandated production levels
• nationalization of businesses
• Aug. 1973 conscription
• EFFECT France achieved victory in wars.

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Reign of Terror (1793-1794)
Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt,
severe, inflexible. - Robespierre
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Reign of Terror (1793-1794)
Those convicted await their fate.
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The Guillotine
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The Paris Mob
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The Monster Guillotine
The last guillotine execution in France was in
1939.
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Execution of Louis XVI January 21, 1793
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Execution of Marie Antoinette October 1973
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Thermidorian Reaction (1794-1795)

• July 26 ?Robespierre gave a speech illustrating
  new plots conspiracies
• alienated members of the CPS many felt
  threatened by his implications
• July 27 (9 Thermidor) ? Convention arrested
  Robespierre
• July 28 ?Robespierre was tried guillotined!

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Arrest of Robespierre
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The revolution consumes its own children
Robespierre lies woundedbefore the revolutionary
tribunal that will order him to be guillotined,
1794.
Danton awaits execution, 1793.
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Phase 3Directory Rule (1795-1799)
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Directory Rule (1795-1799)

• Constitution of 1795
• republic
• ?
• Directory
• (CONSTITUTION 3)
• 5-man Directory
• 2-house legislature
• But problems continued

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Phase 4Napoleonic Era (1799-1815)
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Napoleonic Era (1799-1815)

• coup detat overthrew Directory and established
  dictatorship

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Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)