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Scientific Classification

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Title: Scientific Classification


1
Scientific Classification
  • Whats In a Name??

2
What are some ways you are classified?
  • gender
  • age
  • social security number
  • income
  • state/area of residence
  • profession

3
Why Classify??
  • Human nature- we love to put things in their
    place!
  • Organization
  • Identification
  • Less Confusion
  • Show Relationships

4
Modern Classification
  • Linnaeus
  • Binomial nomenclature
  • Taxon (taxa)
  • phylogenetics- the tracing of evolutionary
    relationships

5
Haeckel (1894)Three kingdoms Whittaker (1959) Five kingdoms Woese (1977)Six kingdoms Woese (1990)Three domains
Protista Monera Eubacteria Bacteria
Protista Monera Archaebacteria Archaea
Protista Protista Protista Eukarya
Plantae Fungi Fungi Eukarya
Plantae Plantae Plantae Eukarya
Animalia Animalia Animalia Eukarya
6
Early history of life
  • Solar system 12 billion years ago (bya)
  • Earth 4.5 bya
  • Life 3.5 to 4.0 bya
  • Prokaryotes 3.5 to 2.0 bya stromatolites
  • Oxygen accumulation 2.7 bya photosynthetic
    cyanobacteria
  • Eukaryotic life 2.1 bya
  • Muticelluar eukaryotes 1.2 bya
  • Animal diversity 543 mya
  • Land colonization 500 mya

7
Bacteria
  • Kingdom Monera?
  • Domain Bacteria
  • Domain Archaea
  • Prokaryotic- no membrane-bound organelles,
    microscopic
  • Shape
  • cocci (sphere)
  • bacilli (rod)
  • helical (spiral)

8
Archaea Vs. Eubacteria
  • Domain Archaea
  • no membrane- bound organelles (prok.)
  • no peptidoglycan
  • do not respond to antibiotics
  • extremophiles
  • chemoautotrophs, heterotrophs
  • 3 main groups methanogens, extreme halophiles,
    extreme thermophiles
  • Domain Eubacteria
  • no membrane-bound organelles (prok.)
  • peptidoglycan in cell walls
  • growth inhibited by antibiotics
  • diverse metabolism
  • 5 main groups spirochetes, chlamydias, gram,
    cyanobacteria, proteobacteria

9
Prokaryotes
  • Decomposers unlock organics from corpses and
    waste products
  • Symbiosis symbiont/host mutualism (, )
    parasitism (, -) commensalism (, 0)
  • Disease opportunistic normal residents
    of host cause illness when defenses are weakened
    Kochs postulates criteria for
    bacterial disease confirmation
  • exotoxins bacterial proteins that can produce
    disease w/o the prokaryote present (botulism)
    endotoxins components of gram -
    membranes (Salmonella)

10
Enter Eukaryotes- Domain Eukarya
  • nucleus
  • membrane-bound organelles
  • larger in size than prokaryotic cells
  • fungus, plant, and animal cells

11
Kingdom Protista (Domain Eukarya)
  • Ingestive (animal-like) protozoa
  • Absorptive (fungus-like)
  • Photosynthetic (plant-like) alga

12
Kingdom Plantae (Domain Eukarya)
  • bryophytes (mosses), pteridophytes (ferns),
    gymnosperms (pines and conifers) angiosperms
    (flowering plants)
  • Plants multicellular, eukaryotic,
    photosynthetic autotrophs
  • Terrestrial colonization
  • Vascular tissue
  • The seed
  • The flower

13
Gymnosperms (Kingdom Plantae)
  • Cone-bearing plants
  • Lack enclosed chambers (ovaries) for seeds
  • Ovules and seeds develop on specialized leaves
    called sporophylls
  • Ginkgo, cycads, and conifers
  • All are evergreens
  • Needle-shaped leaves
  • Vascular tissue refinement tracheids water
    conducting and supportive element of xylem

14
Angiosperms (Kingdom Plantae)
  • Most diverse and geographically widespread of all
    plants
  • Flowering plants(Phy Anthophyta)
  • Monocots 1 embryonic seed leaf (lilies, palms,
    grasses, grain crops)
  • Dicots 2 embryonic seed leaves (roses, peas,
    sunflowers, oaks, maples)
  • Vascular tissue refinement vessel elements/fiber
    cells

15
Kingdom Fungi (Domain Eukarya)
  • Heterotrophic by absorption (exoenzymes)
  • Decomposers (saprobes), parasites, mutualistic
    symbionts (lichens)
  • Hyphae body filaments
    septate (cross walls)
    coenocytic (no cross walls)
  • Mycelium network of hyphae
  • Chitin cell walls (polysaccharide)

16
Fungi Diversity, I
  • Phy Chytridiomycota aquatic fungi chytrids
    lineage closest to protists
    (flagella)
  • Phy Zygomycota Rhizopus (food mold)
    mycorrhizae mutualistic with plant roots
    zygosporangia resistant structure (freezing
    and drying)

17
Fungi Diversity, II
  • Phy. Ascomycota sac fungi
    yeasts, truffles, morels, Sordaria
    asci sexual spores
    conidia asexual spores
  • Phy. Basidiomycota club fungus
    mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungus, rusts
    basidiocarps produce sexual spores

18
Kingdom Animalia (Domain Eukarya)
  • heterotrophic
  • most are mobile
  • ingestion followed by digestion
  • multicellular (most have tissues)
  • lack cell walls
  • sexual reproduction
  • 35 phyla- most are marine

19
Animal phylogeny diversity
  • Monophyletic colonial flagellated protist
    ancestor
  • 1- Parazoa-Eumetazoa dichotomy sponges
    (Parazoa) no true tissues all other animals
    (Eumetazoa) true tissues
  • 2- Radiata-Bilateria dichotomy Cnidaria (hydra
    jellyfish sea anemones) Ctenophora (comb
    jellies) radial body symmetry all other
    animals bilateral body symmetry (also
    cephalization)

20
Summary
  • 3 Domains- but textbooks are behind Bacteria,
    Archaea, and Eukarya
  • 6 kingdom system in most texts Eubacteria,
    Archaea, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
  • classification now based on evolutionary history
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