Musculoskeletal System

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Musculoskeletal System

1. Bones
2. Muscles
3. Skin

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Bones Bones Bones

• The skeletal system

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Interesting Information

• A fully grown human skeleton has 206 bones.
• A baby has 275 How does that happen?
• The longest bone in your body is your femur.
• The smallest bone is the stirrup inside your ear.
• Your hands contains 26 bones each.
• Your feet contain ¼ of all of the bones in the
  human body!

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5 Functions of the Skeletal System

1. Provides shape and support
2. Enables you to move
3. Protects your internal organs
4. Produces blood cells
5. Stores minerals until your body needs them

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Shape and Support

• Your skeleton supports and shapes your body like
  a steel frame shapes and supports a building.
• The vertebral column (back bone) is the center of
  the skeleton.
• You have 26 vertebrae.
• Your backbone is flexible and able to bend if
  it could not, you would not be able to bend or
  twist.
• Label the skeleton individual and group
• Each bone should be a different color.

labeled skeleton
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Your skeleton allows movement

• Most bones are associated with muscles muscles
  pull on the bones to make the body move.
• Bones also provide a sort of cage for your vital
  organs located in your abdomen.

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Produces and Stores.

• The long bones of your body legs and arms are
  factories that make blood cells.
• Bones store minerals such as calcium and
  phosphorus. (these are the minerals that make
  bones hard)
• When the body needs these minerals, the bones
  release small amounts of them into the blood

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Bones are ALIVE

• Bones are strong.
• They can absorb more force without breaking than
  concrete or granite.
• Bones are lightweight.
• Only 20 of the adults body weight.

• Bone Growth
• Bones are made up of cells and tissue.
• As you grow they form new bone tissue.
• After you are grown, they continue to form new
  bone tissue to repair tissue from accidents or
  normal wear and tear.

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Structure of Bone

• Outer Membrane where blood vessels enter and
  leave the bone
• Compact Bone hard and dense but not solid
  small canals run through the compact bone that
  carry blood vessels and nerves
• Spongy Bone like a sponge this structure
  spongy bone lightweight but strong
• Marrow connective tissue contained in the
  spaces in the bones center and ends
• Red marrow makes red blood cells (ends of your
  femur, hip bones, sternum)
• Yellow Marrow stores fat for energy reserve

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How bones form

• As an infant much of your skeleton was made of
  Cartilage ( a connective tissue much more
  flexible than bone)
• By the time you stop growing cartilage
  replacement by bone tissue is mostly complete.
• Cartilage remains in your nose ears and knees

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Joints of the Skeleton where 2 bones meet

• Immovable joints allow little or no movement
  (example bones of the skull or ribs to sternum)
• Movable Joints allow a wide range of movement
  held together by ligaments
• Ball and socket joints allows movement in a
  circle (arm shoulder, hip femur)
• Pivot Joint allows movement from side to side
  (Neck)
• Hinge Joint allows forward and backward
  movement (knee, elbow)
• Gliding Joint bend and flex with limited side
  to side movement (wrist and ankles)

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Bone Health

• Get plenty of exercise during exercise your
  bones support your weight helps your bones grow
  denser and stronger
• Eat a well balanced diet
• Meats, whole grains, leafy green veggies
  phosphorus
• Dairy products calcium
• This helps to prevent OSTEOPOROSIS later in life
  a condition in which the bodies bones become
  weak and break easily

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Help with it all fits together

• Periosteum
• The periosteum is a fibrous sheath that covers
  bones. It contains the blood vessels and nerves
  that provide nourishment and sensation to the
  bone.
• Tendon
• Tendons are tissues that connect muscles to bone.
  When muscles contract, tendons pull on bones.
  This causes parts of the body (such as a finger)
  to move.

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Label the Skeleton

• Humerus
• Phalanges x 2
• Ischium
• Femur
• Tibia
• Sternum
• Metatarsals
• Sacrum
• Radius
• Carpals
• Ribs
• Ilium
• Ulna

• Metacarpals
• Cranium
• Clavicle
• Tarsals
• Pubis
• Mandible
• Patella
• Fibula
• Scapula

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The Muscular System
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You have about 600 muscles in your body!!

• There are 2 types of muscle action
• Involuntary Muscles these are not under your
  conscious control responsible for activities
  like digesting food, breathing, heart beating
• Voluntary Muscles muscles that are under your
  control

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Three types of muscles

• Skeletal Muscle attached to bone by a tendon (a
  strong connective tissue that attaches muscle to
  bone)
• Skeletal muscles appear banded or striated
• Voluntary muscles
• They will tire quickly

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Three Types of Muscles

• Smooth Muscles Found on the inside of many
  internal organs (walls of the stomach and blood
  vessels)
• Involuntary muscles work automatically to
  control movement in your body (example
  digestion)
• Under a microscope these muscles are not
  striated but smooth
• They react slowly and tire slowly compared to
  skeletal muscles

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Three Types of Muscles

• Cardiac Muscle has characteristics of both
  skeletal and smooth muscles
• Like smooth muscles cardiac muscles do not get
  tired it can contract repeatedly heartbeats
• Like skeletal muscles it appears striated

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How do muscles work?

• Muscle cells contract when they receive a message
  from the nervous system.
• Muscles cells can only contract not extend.
• Because of this muscles must work in pairs.
  While one muscle contracts the other muscle in
  the pair returns to its original length

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Taking Care of your Skeletal Muscles

• Exercise is important for maintaining strength
  and flexibility.
• Muscle cells grow wider ---gt muscle thickens?
  stronger muscle

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Skin Integumentary System

• If an adults skin is stretched flat, it would
  cover about 1.5 meters about the size of a twin
  mattress!

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The skins 6 major functions

1. Protects the body by forming a barrier keeping
   diseases and micro-organisms outside the body.
2. Keeps important substances inside the
   body.......acts like plastic wrap to keep water
   in.

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The skins 6 major functions

• Helps the body maintain a steady temperature.
• Blood vessels run through the skin
• Too warm? Blood vessels enlarge to increase
  blood flow allows heat to move from the body to
  the outside
• Sweat glands respond to excess heat by producing
  perspiration.
• As perspiration evaporates from your skin, heat
  escapes.

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The skins 6 major functions

1. Because perspiration contains some dissolved
   waste materials your skin helps to eliminate
   waste.
2. Gathers information about the environment
   nerves in skin provide information about
   pressure, pain, temperature
3. Produce Vitamin D in the presence of the sun.
   Vitamin D helps cells process calcium for
   healthy bones

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Structure of Skin 2 main layers

• Epidermis outer layer of skin
• does not contain nerves or blood vessels
• New epidermal cells form deep in the epidermis ?
  mature and move upward-? the cells die and become
  the surface layer of skin
• This process provides protection for the skin
• Some epidermal cells make fingernails
• Some epidermal produce melanin gives the skin
  its color

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Structure of Skin 2 main layers

• Dermis lower layer of skin located between
  the epidermis and a layer of fat
• Contains nerves, blood vessels, sweat glands,
  hairs, and oil glands
• Sweat glands produce perspiration which reaches
  the surface through openings called PORES.
• Strands of hair grow within the dermis in
  structures called FOLLICLES

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Caring for your skin

• Four simple habits can help you keep your skin
  healthy
• Eat Properly - replacing cells requires the
  energy you get from a healthy diet
• Drinking water replace the water you lost
  through perspiration
• Limit sun exposure repeated sun exposure can
  damage skin cells and cause them to become
  cancerous
• Keeping skin clean and dry removes dirt and
  bacteria clogged pores leads to acnefungus
  athletes foot ?

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Athletes Foot fungal infection from walking on
contaminated surfaces very contagious and can
grow in your shoes ?
Skin Cancer Do you know the 2 careers where
skin cancer is the most prevalent?
Dry skin can cause skin to look prematurely aged