Groundwater Pollution

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Groundwater Pollution

• Week 1 0307 Introduction to Groundwater

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• Water in three states liquid, solid (ice), and
  water vapor in the air. Clouds are water
  droplets, condensed from vapor-saturated air.

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• Water changes from one state to another. So water
  can be solid, liquid or gas.
• Water also moves.
• We call this the Water Cycle.

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• http//ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercyclekoreanhi.ht
  ml

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• http//ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycleprint.html

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(No Transcript)
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      Condensation       Evaporation
      Evapotranspiration       Freshwater storage
      Ground-water discharge       Ground-water storage
      Infiltration       Precipitation
      Snowmelt runoff to streams       Spring
      Streamflow       Sublimation
      Surface runoff       Water storage in the atmosphere
      Water storage in ice and snow       Water storage in oceans
      Desublimation       Plant uptake

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• cycle ??
• circulation move around something like a circle.

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1.72, Groundwater Hydrology Lecture Packet 1
Prof. Charles Harvey http//ocw.mit.edu/NR/rdonly
res/Civil-and-Environmental-Engineering/1-72Fall-2
005/4F444E12-8746-459D-A6BD-1F42F7498903/0/1_72_le
cture_1.pdf
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1.72, Groundwater Hydrology Lecture Packet 1
Prof. Charles Harvey http//ocw.mit.edu/NR/rdonly
res/Civil-and-Environmental-Engineering/1-72Fall-2
005/4F444E12-8746-459D-A6BD-1F42F7498903/0/1_72_le
cture_1.pdf
11
1.72, Groundwater Hydrology Lecture Packet 1
Prof. Charles Harvey http//ocw.mit.edu/NR/rdonly
res/Civil-and-Environmental-Engineering/1-72Fall-2
005/4F444E12-8746-459D-A6BD-1F42F7498903/0/1_72_le
cture_1.pdf
12
1.72, Groundwater Hydrology Lecture Packet 1
Prof. Charles Harvey http//ocw.mit.edu/NR/rdonly
res/Civil-and-Environmental-Engineering/1-72Fall-2
005/4F444E12-8746-459D-A6BD-1F42F7498903/0/1_72_le
cture_1.pdf
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• A lot of water is used for agriculture
• 56 is used by animals and plants
• 20 is lost when the water is moved
• 24 flows back into the stream or ground
• A lot of water is used for making electricity
• 87 of all industrial water use

1.72, Groundwater Hydrology Lecture Packet 1
Prof. Charles Harvey http//ocw.mit.edu/NR/rdonly
res/Civil-and-Environmental-Engineering/1-72Fall-2
005/4F444E12-8746-459D-A6BD-1F42F7498903/0/1_72_le
cture_1.pdf
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• Watershed (also called drainage basin, river
  basin, or catchment)
• Is the area that contributes all the water that
  flows through a section of a stream.
• This area is the drainage area.
• The boundaries of a watershed are called a divide.

1.72, Groundwater Hydrology Lecture Packet 1
Prof. Charles Harvey http//ocw.mit.edu/NR/rdonly
res/Civil-and-Environmental-Engineering/1-72Fall-2
005/4F444E12-8746-459D-A6BD-1F42F7498903/0/1_72_le
cture_1.pdf
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Watershed Hydrologic Budgets
1.72, Groundwater Hydrology Lecture Packet 1
Prof. Charles Harvey http//ocw.mit.edu/NR/rdonly
res/Civil-and-Environmental-Engineering/1-72Fall-2
005/4F444E12-8746-459D-A6BD-1F42F7498903/0/1_72_le
cture_1.pdf
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Watershed Hydrologic Budgets

• What do the letters stand for?
• P
• ET
• Gin
• S
• Q
• Gout

1.72, Groundwater Hydrology Lecture Packet 1
Prof. Charles Harvey http//ocw.mit.edu/NR/rdonly
res/Civil-and-Environmental-Engineering/1-72Fall-2
005/4F444E12-8746-459D-A6BD-1F42F7498903/0/1_72_le
cture_1.pdf
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Hydrologic Budgets

• What do the letters stand for?
• P Precipitation
• ET Evapotranspiration
• Gin Groundwater (input)
• S Groundwater Storage
• Q Stream Quantity
• Gout Groundwater (output)

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Watershed Hydrologic Budgets

• (P Gin)
• (Q ET Gout)
• ?S

1.72, Groundwater Hydrology Lecture Packet 1
Prof. Charles Harvey http//ocw.mit.edu/NR/rdonly
res/Civil-and-Environmental-Engineering/1-72Fall-2
005/4F444E12-8746-459D-A6BD-1F42F7498903/0/1_72_le
cture_1.pdf
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Watershed Hydrologic Budgets

• (P Gin)
• (Q ET Gout)
• ?S

This is also called a Mass Balance
1.72, Groundwater Hydrology Lecture Packet 1
Prof. Charles Harvey http//ocw.mit.edu/NR/rdonly
res/Civil-and-Environmental-Engineering/1-72Fall-2
005/4F444E12-8746-459D-A6BD-1F42F7498903/0/1_72_le
cture_1.pdf
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Review

• Basic terms
• Hydrologic cycle
• Hydrologic Budget (Mass balance) for watershed

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What Should You Know?

• Sketch and explain the hydrologic cycle.
• Define the following terms transpiration,
  evaporation, precipitation, groundwater,
  evapotranspiration, surface, runoff, basin
  (watershed), divide.
• Solve mass balance problems for storage in lakes
  and watersheds.

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Surface versus Groundwater
Surface Reservoirs Subsurface Reservoirs
Disadvantages Advantages
Few new sites free (in USA) Many large-capacity sites available
High evaporative loss, even where humid Practically no evaporative loss
Need large areas of land Need very small areas of land
Varying water temperature Water temperature uniform
Easily polluted Usually high biological purity, although pollution can occur
Easily contaminated by radioactive fallout Not easily contaminated by radioactive fallout
Water must be carried Carries the water, so no need for pipes or canals