FROM NATURAL HAZARDS TO DISASTERS AND DISASTER RESILIENCE A 3-Part Story That Can Take 40 Years, or More, to Live

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FROM NATURAL HAZARDS TO DISASTERS AND DISASTER
RESILIENCE A 3-Part Story That Can Take 40
Years, or More, to Live
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster
Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA
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PLANET EARTH IS IMPACTED EVERY YEAR BY
DISASTERS CAUSED BY---

• EARTHQUAKES
• TSUNAMIS
• SEVERE WINDSTORMS
• VOLCANOES
• FLOODS
• WILDFIRES

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DISASTERS ARE THE CITYS DEFAULT OPTION (PART II)

• NATURAL HAZARDS ARE NOT AN OPTION (PART I)
• AND
• TO BECOME DISASTER RESILIENT, OR NOT THAT IS THE
  QUESTION (PART III)

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HAZARDS NOT AN OPTION FOR CITIES
CITY
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COMMUNITY
DATA BASES AND INFORMATION
HAZARDS GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE
SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN
UP AFTERSHOCKS
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NOTABLE DISASTERS IN 2011
FLOODS IN AUSTRALIA
NEW KNOWLEDGE FOR COMMUNITY DISASTER RISK
REDUCTION
EARTHQUAKE/TSUNAMI IN JAPAN
WILDFIRES IN ARIZONA AND TEXAS
CATALYSTS FOR CHANGE
HURRICANE IRENE AND TROPIAL STORM LEE
FLOODS AUSTRALIA, THAILANC
SUPER TORNADO OUTBREAK
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
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A DISASTER OCCURS WHEN THE CITY IS

• UNPREPARED
• UNPROTECTED
• UNABLE TO RESPOND EFFECTIVELY
• UN (NON)--RESILIENT

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DISASTERS THE DEFAULT OPTION FOR CITIES
CITY
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THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE
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GROUND SHAKING
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CAUSES OF DAMAGE/DISASTER
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SOIL FAILURE AND SURFACE
FAULTING )
IRREGULARITIES IN MASS, STRENGTH, AND STIFFNESS
EARTHQUAKES
FLOODING FROM TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP AND SEICHE
CASE HISTORIES
POOR DETAILING OF STRUCTURALSYSTEM
FAILURE OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
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HAITI DEATH TOLL REACHED AN ESTIMATED 220,OOO
FEB 2010
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THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF A TSUNAMI
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TSUNAMI HAZARDS (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)

• HIGH-VELOCITY, LONG-PERIOD WATER WAVES
• WAVE RUNUP
• FLOODING
• WAVE RETREAT
• SHORELINE EROSION

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CAUSES OF DAMAGE/DISASTER
HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF INCOMING WAVES
INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE RUNUP
VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE RUNUP
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS
TSUNAMIS
FLOODING
CASE HISTORIES
NO WARNING, OR INADEQUATE WARNING
PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF TSUNAMI
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THE DISASTER IN JAPAN THAT BEGAN ON MARCH 11,
2011 HAPPENED WITHIN MINUTES

• It only took seconds for the P-and S-waves and
  minutes for the tsunami waves to reach Sendai and
  other parts of Japans coast..

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THE M9.0 EARTHQUAKE.

• Japan was well prepared to cope with the
  earthquake, and ---

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THE M9.0 EARTHQUAKE.

• Japans buildings and infrastructure were
  protected through codes and standards, but .

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THE TSUNAMI WAS DEVASTATINGThe tsunami that
followed the M9.0 earthquake caused enormous
damage in Japan within minutes.
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THE 7-10 M TSUNAM WAVES

• The tsunami was devastating, inun-dating towns,
  im-mobilizing airports and roads, destroy-ing
  buildings, and treating everything (e.g.,
  people, cars) in its path as debris.

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THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF A SEVERE
WINDSTORM
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DATA BASES AND INFORMATION
Gradient Wind
Ocean
COMMUNITY
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HAZARDS OF A SEVERE WINDSTORM (AKA POTENTIAL
DISASTER AGENTS)

• WIND FIELD (COUNTER CLOCKWISE OR CLOCKWISE
  DIRECTION CAT 1 (55 mph) TO CAT 5 (155 mph or
  greater)
• STORM SURGE
• HEAVY PRECIPITATION
• LANDSLIDES (MUDFLOWS)
• COSTAL EROSION
• TORNADOES (SOMETIMES)

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CAUSES OF DAMAGE/DISASTER
WIND AND WATER PENETRATE BUILDING ENVELOPE
UPLIFT OF ROOF SYSTEM
FLYING DEBRIS PENETRATES WINDOWS
STORM SURGE AND HEAVY PRECIPITATION
SEVERE WINDSTORMS
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN
CASE HISTORIES
POOR WORKMANSHIP
FAILURE OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
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164 TORNADOS IN 24 HOURS IMPACT 7 SOUTHEASTERN
STATESEF4 and EF5 TORNADOES

• OVERALL DEATH TOLL REACHES 350
• WEDNESDAY, APRIL 27- THURSDAY, APRIL 28, 2011

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TUSCALOOSA, AL A MILE-WIDE STORM APRIL 27, 2011
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TUSCALOOSA, AL 15TH STREET DAMAGE APRIL 27,
2011
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THE DISASTER KEEPT ON BUILDING AFTER IRENES
EXITRECORD-TO-NEAR-RECORD FLOODING IN NEW
ENGLAND AND CANADA HAPPENED AFTER IRENE PASSED
THROUGH

• AUGUST 29 ---31, 2011

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AUG 27 FORECAST AFTER 730 AM LANDFALL IN OUTER
BANKS, NC
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IRENE CAUSED A 20 BILLION DISASTER

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Irene smashed power poles, ripped transmission
wires and flooded electrical stations over the
weekend, blacked out more than 7.4 million homes
and businesses from South Carolina to Maine, and
killed 44 people in 13 states
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VERMONT FLOODING
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THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF A VOLCANIC
ERUPTION
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VOLCANO HAZARDS (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)

• VERTICAL PLUME
• ASH AND TEPHRA
• LATERAL BLAST
• PYROCLASTIC FLOWS
• LAhARS

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CAUSES OF DAMAGE/DISASTER
PROXIMITY TO LATERAL BLAST
IN PATH OF PYROCLASTIC FLOWS
IN PATH OF FLYING DEBRIS (TEPHRA)
IN PATH OF VOLCANIC ASH (AVIATION)
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
IN PATH OF LAVA AND PYROCLASTIC FLOWS
CASE HISTORIES
IN PATH OF LAHARS
IGNORING WARNING TO EVACUATE
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MOUNT KARANGETANG ERUPTS IN INDONESIA

• ERUPTION OCCURS WITHIN HOURS OF JAPANS M9.0
  QUAKE AND TSUNAMI DISASTER
• FRIDAY, MARCH 11, 2011

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MOUNT KARANGETANG ERUPTS

• The 1,784 m (5,853 ft) volcano, which is one
  of Indonesias 129 active volcan-oes, is located
  on Siau.

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THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF A FLOOD
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FLOOD HAZARDS (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)

• TOO MUCH WATER DISCHARGED WITHIN THE DRAINAGE
  SYSTEM TO BE ACCOMMODATED NORMALLY IN THE
  REGIONAL WATER CYCLE
• EROSION
• SCOUR
• MUDFLOWS

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CAUSES OF DAMAGE AND DISASTER
LOSS OF FUNCTION OF STRUCTURES IN FLOODPLAIN
INUNDATION
INTERACTION WITH HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
STRUCTURAL/CONTENTS DAMAGE FROM WATER
FLOODS
WATER BORNE DISEASES (HEALTH PROBLEMS)
CASE HISTORIES
EROSION AND MUDFLOWS
CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER
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ROCKHAMPTON, AUSTRSLIA BECAME AN ISLANDJANUARY
3, 2011
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BANGKOK OVER 370 DEAD AND LOSSES IN EXCESS OF 6
BILLION FROM PROLONGED FLOODING

• NOVEMBER 2011

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SANDBAGGING CHAO PRAYA RIVER
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DON MUANG AIRPORT A SHELTER FOR EVACUEES
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THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF A WILDFIRE
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WILDFIRE HAZARDS (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)

• FIRE
• HOT GASES AND SMOKE
• HOT SPOTS
• BURNED OUT SLOPES (with increased susceptibility
  to insect infestation, erosion, and landslides)

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WILDFIRE HAZARDS (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)

• SUNDOWNER WINDS
• SANTA ANNA WINDS
• LOCAL CHANGES IN AIR QUALITY
• LOCAL CHANGES IN WEATHER

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CAUSES OF DAMAGE AND DISASTER
LIGHTNING STRIKES
MANMADE FIRES
PROXIMITY OF URBAN AREA TO THE WILDLAND FIRE
WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION (DAY/NIGHT)
WILDFIRES
DRYNESS
DISASTER LABORATORIES
HIGH TEMPERATURES
LOCAL FUEL SUPPLY
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SMITHVILLE, TX FIRE
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Since the beginning of the 2011 wildfire season,
Texas has dealt with over 20,900 fires that have
destroyed more than 1,000 homes and burned 3.6
million acres (1.46 million hectares).
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DISASTERS MUST NOT BECOME THE OPTION OF CHOICE
FOR CITIES (SEE PART II)

• TO BECOME DISASTER RESILIENT, OR NOT THAT IS
  STILL THE QUESTION (PART III)