Guitar

1
Guitars Developmental Levels of Stuttering

• Normal disfluency
• Borderline stuttering
• Beginning stuttering
• Intermediate stuttering
• Advanced stuttering

2
Normal disfluencyCore behaviors

• Repetitions
• part-word, single-syllable words, multi-syllabic
  words, phrases
• Interjections
• Revisions
• Prolongations
• Tense pauses
• (Most common are in bold)
• No more than 10 per 100 words
• Typically 1, sometimes 2-unit repetitions

3
Normal disfluencySecondary behaviors

• Escape behaviors NONE
• Avoidance behaviors - NONE

4
Normal disfluencyFeelings and attitudes

• No evidence of negative feelings in response to
  disfluent moments

5
Normal disfluencyContributing factors

• Lagging speech-motor control
• Language acquisition demands
• Interpersonal stressors
• Vacations
• Hospitalizations, etc.

6
Borderline stutteringCore behaviors

• Repetitions
• part-word, single-syllable words, multi-syllabic
  words, phrases
• Interjections
• Revisions
• Prolongations
• Tense pauses
• (Most common in bold)
• More than 10 per 100 words
• More than 2units in repetitions
• Repetitions and prolongations are loose and
  relaxed

7
Beginning stutteringCore behaviors

• Repetitions
• part-word repetitions that are rapid, irregular
  with schwa insertions and pitch changes
• Prolongations with pitch changes
• Hard blocks
• Fixed articulatory posturingLaryngeal blocks
• More than 10 per 100 words
• More than 2 units in repetitions

8
Borderline stutteringSecondary behaviors

• Escape behaviors FEW or NONE
• Avoidance behaviors NONE

9
Borderline stutteringFeelings and attitudes

• Little or no evidence of awareness

10
Beginning stutteringSecondary behaviors

• Escape behaviors Extraneous physical behaviors
  performed in an effort to push the word out
  (squinting eyes, nodding head backward, etc.)
  use of fillers (starters) like um to help
  release the stuttered word
• Avoidance behaviors NONE

11
Beginning stutteringFeelings and attitudes

• Frustration, out of control, and some fear
• Positive overall self-concept

12
Beginning StutteringContributing factors

• Interplay between constitution factors and
  environmental factors

13
Intermediate stutteringCore behaviors

• Prolongations with pitch changes
• Hard blocks
• Fixed articulatory posturingLaryngeal blocks
• Repetitions
• part-word repetitions that are rapid, irregular
  with schwa insertions and pitch changes
• More than 10 per 100 words
• More than 2 units in repetitions

14
Intermediate stutteringSecondary behaviors

• Escape behaviors Extraneous physical behaviors
  performed in an effort to push the word out
  occur more frequently and are performed more
  rapidly
• Avoidance behaviors word avoidances
  (substitutions, circumlocutions, anti-expectancy
  devices, etc.), and situation avoidances

15
Intermediate stutteringFeelings and attitudes

• Fear, shame, embarrassment, and guilt
• Negative self-concept

16
Intermediate StutteringContributing factors

• Constitution factors and environmental factors
• Classical conditioning
• Avoidance conditioning

17
Advanced stutteringCore behaviors

• Hard blocks
• Fixed articulatory posturingLaryngeal blocks
• Prolongations with pitch changes
• Occasionally, core behaviors are fewer because of
  an increase in avoidances
• More than 10 per 100 words
• More than 2 units in repetitions

18
Advanced stutteringSecondary behaviors

• Avoidance behaviors word avoidances
  (substitutions, circumlocutions, anti-expectancy
  devices, etc.), and situation avoidances
• Escape behaviors Extraneous physical behaviors
  performed in an effort to push the word out
  occur more frequently and are performed more
  rapidly

19
Advanced StutteringContributing factors

• Classical conditioning
• Avoidance conditioning
• Habitualized patterns
• Constitution factors and environmental factors