The Cell as the Fundamental Unit of Life: The Structure and Function of Cellular Organelles

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The Cell as the Fundamental Unit of Life The
Structure and Function of Cellular Organelles
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Cell Theory

• The cell is the smallest unit of life.
• All organisms are composed one or more cells.
• New cells arise from previously existing cells.

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The Nature of Cells
Basic Cell Structure

• Each cell has four common components
• Plasma membrane
• Region containing DNA
• Cytoplasm
• Biochemical molecules biochemical pathways

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Cell Diversity
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Cell
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Cells
Two fundamental types Prokaryotic
No Nucleus No organelles
Small 100nm-5um Eukaryotic
True Nucleus
Membrane bound organelles 10-100um
Some are larger
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Classification
Five kingdom system
Six kingdom system
Three domain system
Eu- bacteria
Archae-bacteria
Eight kingdom system
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Three Lineages of Life Domain Bacteria
Kingdom Eubacteria

• Prokaryotes
• No true nucleus
• No membrane-bound organelles
• Cell Wall composed of peptidoglycan
• Reproduce asexually by budding and fission
• Very small (1 - 10 µm)

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Kingdom Archaebacteria
Eukaria
Prokaryotes No true nucleus No
membrane-bound organelles like
mitochondria or chloroplasts NO peptidoglycan in
cell wall Reproduce asexually by budding and
fission Very small (1 - 10 µm) Extreme
environments (high temperatures)
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Prokaryotic Cells
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Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes True nucleus Membrane-bound
organelles Cell size generally 10 - 100 µm At
least 4 lineages Protista, Plantae, Fungi,
Animalia
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Typical Animal Cell
Eukaryotic Cells
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The Cytoplasm
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Plasma Membrane
Fluid mosaic model

Working model of the membrane
Protein molecules bobbing in phospholipid sea
Proteins determine membranes specific functions
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Structure of the Cell Membrane
Phospholipids

Most abundant lipid
Polar/hydrophilic head(attracted to
water) Pair of nonpolar/hydrophobic
tails(repelled by water)
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Phospholipids
Hydrophilic head
Hydrophobic tails
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Phospholipid bilayer
Polar heads, outside inside
Nonpolar tails in the
interior Cell Membranes

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The Nucleus
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The Nucleus
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The Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough and Smooth ER
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Ribosomes
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Mitochondrion
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Golgi Apparatus

• Receives substances from ER, refines and packages
  them

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Lysosome Function
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Cytoskeleton
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Cytoskeleton
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Cillia Flagella- 9x2 arrangement
0.1 micrometer
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Flagellum
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Flagellar Movement
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Ciliated Epithelium
ciliated surface
mucus
nuclei
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Ciliary Movement
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Ameboid Movement
Ex. WBC
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Typical Plant Cell
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Typical Plant Cell
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Cell Walls
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Chloroplasts
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INQUIRY

• Which kingdom do bacteria belong?
• What is the difference between prokaryotic and
  eukaryotic?
• Compare a plant and animal cell.
• What is the function of
• Mitochondria
• Nucleus
• Golgi apparatus
• Lysozome
• Ribosomes
• Smooth and rough ER

Cellular Visions The inner life of a cell
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