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Cold War

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Title: Cold War


1
Cold War Recovery
  • 1945-1968

2
Roots of Cold War
  • Yalta Conference, 1945
  • Stalin pledged to allow democratic elections in
    E. Europe (but later reneged)
  • Germany would be divided into four zones
    controlled by U.S., France, Britain and USSR
  • Potsdam Conference, 1945
  • Truman demanded free elections in Eastern Europe
    but Stalin refused
  • Stalin wanted a "buffer zone" between Germany and
    USSR for protection against future war

3
Roots of Cold War
  • U.S. point of view
  • Stalin seemed intent on creating "spheres" of
    influence in Eastern Europe
  • Churchill's "Iron Curtain" speech in 1946 alerted
    Americans to a future conflict
  • U.S. wanted democracy spread throughout the world
    with a strong international organization to
    maintain global peace

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5
Roots of Cold War
  • Soviet point of view
  • Democracies traditionally hostile towards
    communism and the USSR
  • US Britain did not open western front in Europe
    early enough millions of Soviet soldiers were
    dying fighting the brunt of Nazi armies alone
    until mid-1944.
  • The US and Britain froze Russia out of the atomic
    bomb project.
  • US terminated lend-lease to Moscow in May 1945
    but gave Britain aid until 1946.
  • Wanted "buffer zone" for the Soviet western
    border esp. in Poland

6
Partition of Germany
  • USSR, U.S., Britain France would each occupy a
    part of Germany but would allow for German
    reunification once she was no longer a threat.
  • Germany was to pay heavy reparations to USSR in
    form of agricultural and industrial goods.
  • Soviets dominated their Eastern German zone
  • Did not want revitalized Germany that could once
    again pose a threat.
  • Stripped E. Germany of much of its resources.

7
"Containment"
  • By 1947, Truman pledged to prevent further spread
    of communism
  • Truman Doctrine, 1947 U.S. gave aid to Greece
    and Turkey to defeat communist forces there.

President Harry Truman
8
Marshall Plan
  • 1947 Massive aid package to help war-torn Europe
    recover from the war
  • Purpose prevent communism from spreading into
    economically devastated regions
  • Result Western and Central Europe recovered
    economically -- the "economic miracle"
  • Soviets refused to allow U.S. aid to countries in
    eastern Europe

http//www.historicaldocuments.com/MarshallPlanPho
to.jpg
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11
Partition of Germany
  • U.S. and W. Europeans felt German economy vital
    to recovery of Europe
  • 1948, West Germany became an independent country
    when US, France and Britain united their zones
  • West Germany had its own currency, which Western
    powers thought would help trade.
  • Stalin responded by cutting off all rail and road
    links to West Berlin -- known as the Berlin
    Blockade.
  • West saw this as an attempt to starve Berlin into
    surrender, so they decided to support West Berlin
    by air.
  • The Berlin Blockade lasted 318 days. During this
    time, 275,000 planes transported 1.5 million tons
    of supplies and a plane landed every three
    minutes at Berlins airport.
  • Stalin abandoned the blockade in May 1949.

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14
More Containment
  • North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) formed
    in 1949
  • Collective security organization consisting of
    democracies in Europe, U.S. Canada to prevent
    against Soviet expansion in Europe.
  • Radio Free Europe Voice of America set up to
    send pro-democracy messages to countries behind
    the "iron curtain"

15
Eastern Bloc
  • Countries in Eastern Europe dominated by Soviet
    Union after WWII
  • Included Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, East
    Germany, Rumania, Bulgaria
  • Communist parties of eastern Europe established
    one-party states by 1948, with help of Red Army
    and KGB (Soviet secret police)
  • Only Yugoslavia, led by Marshal Tito, is not
    dominated by Soviets
  • Postwar economic recovery in eastern Europe
    proceeded along Soviet lines.
  • Changes went forward at slow uneven pace came
    to almost a halt by the mid-1960s.
  • Five-year plans in USSR reintroduced to tackle
    massive economic reconstruction

16
Korean War
17
Korean War 1950-1953
  • After WWII, Korea divided at 38th parallel North
    was communist, South was not
  • Cause 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea
    (supported by Soviet resources)
  • UN (led by US Gen. Douglas MacArthur) sent
    forces to push back communists
  • China sent thousands of troops to push back UN
  • Result cease-fire and border at 38th parallel
    restored still in existence today

http//www.awm.gov.au/korea/maps/images/establishi
ng.gif
18
USSR under Nikita Khrushchev (1894-1971)
19
Khrushchev
  • Power struggle emerged after Stalin died in 1953
    Khrushchev emerged a few years later
  • Stalins heirs realized reforms were needed.
  • Fear and hatred of Stalins political terror
    resulted in reduction of power of secret police
    and gradual closure of forced labor camps.

Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev http//news.bbc.co
.uk/olmedia/165000/images/_168403_kruschev_150.jpg
20
Hungarian Uprising 1956
  • Students and workers in Budapest installed a
    Communist reformer as new chief in October 1956.
  • Hungarian nationalists staged huge demonstrations
    demanding non-communist parties be legalized
    turned into armed rebellion and spread throughout
    the country.
  • Hoped U.S. would come in and help achieve
    Hungarian independence

21
Hungarian Uprising 1956
  • Soviet tanks and troops responded by invading
    Hungary and crushing the national democratic
    revolution.
  • After Hungarian invasion, most eastern Europeans
    hoped for small domestic reforms while obediently
    following USSR in foreign affairs.

22
Hydrogen Bomb
  • Developed by US in 1952 USSR in 1953 world now
    has two superpowers

23
Space Race
  • (Part of Cold War competition to achieve
    technological superiority)
  • 1957, USSR launched Sputnik, an orbiting
    satellite using long-range rockets
  • US fearful Soviets could now launch a nuclear
    missile into space and then down to U.S.
  • Resulted in development of ICBMs
    (Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles)

24
Space Race
  • U.S. countered with creation of NASA and vastly
    increased educational funding for science.
  • 1961, Soviets sent worlds first cosmonaut, Yuri
    Gagarin, into orbit.
  • President John F. Kennedy responded by increasing
    funds for space.
  • 1969, Apollo Program put first man on the moon 4
    more moon landings followed by 1972.

25
U-2 Incident
  • U.S. spy plane shot down over USSR
  • Khrushchev demanded an apology from Eisenhower
    Eisenhower refused

26
Cold War in 1960s
27
Berlin Wall Built in 1961
  • 2 million East Germans escaped to West Berlin
    between 1949-1961 Soviets frustrated
  • Khrushchev threatened President Kennedy USSR
    would sign peace treaty with East Germany who
    would then control access to Berlin Soviets
    would protect East Germanys right to control
    flow into Berlin.
  • Berlin Wall built instead of enforcing ultimatum
    to U.S. ended future crises over Berlin

28
Berlin Wall
29
Cuba
  • Became a communist country in 1959 under
    leadership of Fidel Castro
  • Cuba became an ally of the Soviet Union
  • Bay of Pigs Invasion, 1961 U.S.-trained Cuban
    exiles tried unsuccessfully to invade Cuba

30
Cuban Missile Crisis
  • 1962 U.S. demanded Soviets remove their newly
    installed nuclear missiles from Cuba.
  • Crisis became the closest USSR and US came to
    nuclear war
  • U.S. placed blockade (naval quarantine) on any
    further missiles into Cuba
  • Khrushchev agreed to remove missiles in return
    for U.S. removing its missiles from Turkey and
    vowing not to invade Cuba in the future.
  • Crisis weakened Khrushchev and contributed to his
    downfall in 1964

31
Cuban Missile Crisis
http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/
mwh/ir2/whowonthecubanmissilecrisisrev3.shtml
32
Cuban Missile Crisis
33
Cuban Missile Crisis
http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/
mwh/ir2/causesofthecubacrisisrev2.shtml
34
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 1963
  • Khrushchev, Kennedy Britain signed historic
    treaty banning atmospheric testing in an attempt
    to reduce Cold War tensions
  • France refused to sign (was in the process of
    developing own nuclear weapons program)
  • China became a nuclear power in 1964 leading to
    its estrangement with Soviet Union

35
Leonid Brezhnev
  • Became new General Secretary (1964-1982)
  • Beginning in 1964, USSR began a period of
    stagnation and limited re-Stalinization
  • Massive arms buildup started in response to
    humiliation of Cuban Missile Crisis.
  • USSR avoided direct confrontation with the U.S.
    and seemed more committed to peaceful coexistence
    than Khrushchev had been.

36
Vietnam War (1964-1973)
  • U.S. fought unsuccessful war in Southeast Asia to
    prevent communism from spreading into South
    Vietnam.
  • Domino Theory U.S. believed if Vietnam fell
    to communism, Laos, Cambodia and Thailand would
    also fall (perhaps even India) (1964-1973)

http//www.vietnamwar.com/vnmap.jpg
37
Czechoslovakia
  • Due to Khrushchevs reforms in USSR, 1960s
    brought modest liberalization and more consumer
    goods to eastern Europe
  • 1968, reform elements in Czechoslovak Communist
    party gained a majority and voted out long-time
    Stalinist leader.
  • Prague Spring of 1968 -- Czech reformers
    building socialism with a human face frightened
    hard-line communists.
  • Soviet troops brutally invaded Czechoslovakia in
    August 1968.
  • Czechoslovakia became one of most hard-line
    communist regimes well into 1980s.
  • Brezhnev Doctrine Soviet Union and its allies
    had right to intervene in any socialist country
    whenever they saw the need 

38
Prague Spring
39
Mikhail Gorbachev
  • Soviet leader credited with helping end the Cold
    War.
  • Strove for significant reforms so that system
    would be more efficient and democratic.
  • Two key phrases "glasnost" (openness) and
    "perestroika" (reform).
  • Hoping to shift resources to consumer goods,
    Gorbachev argued in favor of ending the arms race
    with the West.

http//lasalle-academy.org/gorbachev1.jpg
40
Gorbachev
  • Reforms moved too slowly for radicals and too
    quickly for conservative party members.
  • Faced increasing pressure from West. President
    Reagan in Berlin (1987) Mr. Gorbachev Tear
    down this wall!
  • August 1991 hard-liners had enough. Gorbachev
    could not maintain political initiatives and lost
    power to the president of Russia, Boris Yeltsin.

http//www.state.gov/cms_images/5gorbachev_reagan1
_600.jpg
41
Fall of Berlin Wall
http//www.freedomagenda.com/images/1989-11-09_Peo
ple_freed_from_communist_East_Germany_for_first_ti
me_in_40_years_as_the_Berlin_Wall_is_torn_down_Nov
ember_11_1989.jpg
  • The Berlin Wall was torn down in November 1989, a
    signal of the fall of the Soviet Union and the
    end of the Cold War

42
Acknowledgements
This PowerPoint presentation was adapted from the
free download of Cold War and Recovery
presentation found at this link
http//worldhistory.pppst.com/coldwar.html.
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