Post-WWII

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Post-WWII

• 1945 - 1968

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International Organizations set up

• IMF
• UNO

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IMF

• Bretton Woods Conference (1944) created
  International Monetary Fund (IMF)
• Lay foundations for modern monetary system (based
  on US dollar)
• IMF World Bank loaned money to poor recovering
  countries

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UNO

• United Nations Organization set up in 1945
• Security Council allowed military powers
• 12 members with 5 being permanent
• USA, USSR, Britain, France, China
• General Assembly (all members) had advisory powers

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Containment

• Truman Doctrine
• 1947 Pledge to stop further spread of Communism
• 1947 US gave aid to Greece and Turkey to help
  stop communist forces there

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• Marshall Plan (1947)
• Aid package to help war-torn Europe rebuild
• Purpose prevent spread of communism
• Result West and central Europe recovered (the
  economic miracle)
• Soviets refused to let West help Eastern Europe
  countries

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Berlin Crisis

• 1948-1949 Soviets attempt to remove allies from
  Berlin by setting up a blockade
• Very tense (WWIII?)
• Berlin Airlift
• US instituted massive airlifts to get supplies
  into West Berlin
• Soviets lifted blockade (it failed)

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NATO formed

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization formed in 1949
• Anti-communist alliance
• Collective security in Europe, US, Canada
• Radio-free Europe Voice of America
• Radio messages sent to countries behind the Iron
  Curtain (pro-Democracy)

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Eastern Bloc
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Commies

• Eastern Bloc countries in Eastern Europe
  dominated by USSR
• USSR, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, E Germany,
  Rumania, Bulgaria
• One party states established with help of Red
  Army and KGB (Soviet secret police)
• Only Yugoslavia was communist yet not dominated
  by USSR

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Post war Economics

• Recovery modeled after Soviet model
• Changes slow and uneven
• Five-Year plans adopted again
• Oppressive rule adopted (USSRs new foe, the USA,
  provided excuse)
• Forced labor camps used

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Nikita Krushchev (r. 1953-1971)

• After brief power struggle, Krushchev emerged
• USSR in bad shape- reforms needed!
• Fear and hatred of Stalin
• Agriculture in bad shape
• Shortages in consumer goods
• Hard work and initiative in decline
• Poor living conditions

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De-Stalinization

• Reduction of role of KGB
• Gradual closure of forced labor camps
• XXth Party Congress (1956) Khrushchev denounced
  Stalin anti-hardliner
• Began programs to undo what Stalin did

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• Gosplan resources shifted away from heavy
  industry and military toward consumer goods and
  agriculture Centralized Economic Planning
• Arts and Literature grew (anti-Stalin sentiment
  tolerated)
• Pasternak wrote Dr Zhivago (1956)
• Solzenitsyn wrote One Day in the Life of Ivan
  Denisovich (1962)

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Dr Zhivago by Pasternak

• Story of pre-revolutionary intellectual who
  rejects brutality of Revolution (1917) and
  Stalinism even as he is destroyed, he triumphs
  from his humanity and Christian spirit

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One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovichby
Solzenitsyn

• A story about life in a Stalinist concentration
  camp

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Results of de-Stalinization

• Rise of reformers and mass movements seeking
  liberty
• Poland March 1956 riots led to release of 9000
  political prisoners
• Led to greater autonomy in Poland

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• 1956 Hungarian Uprising
• Students and workers in Budapest installed
  Communist reformer
• Hungarian nationalists held huge demonstrations
  demanding non-communist parties
• Soviet tanks and troops crushed national
  democratic revolution
• After word, other small bloc countries hoped fro
  change, but kept their mouths shut!

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Western European Recovery
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Problems

• Food scarce
• Runaway inflation
• Black markets

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Political Parties

• Christian Democrats
• Rejected authoritarianism
• Rejected narrow-minded nationalism
• Faith in Democracy and cooperation
• Socialists and Communist
• Influence in France and Italy
• Pushed for social reform

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European Renaissance

• Italy underwent reform under Christian Democrats
  with socialist influences
• France led by Charles De Gaulle
• Fourth Republic set up
• Catholic Party strong
• Large socialist influences

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• West Germany
• Konrad Adenauer began long democratic rule 1949
• Christian Democrats were majority party
• Britain put Clement Attlee in Churchills
  position
• Socialist Labour party
• Moved toward a welfare state

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The Economic Miracle

• Period of rapid progress lasting into 1960s
• By 1963 Europe produced 2.5 times more than
  pre-WWII
• Marshall Plan helped significantly

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• Korean War stimulated economy
• Keynesian economics adopted
• People willing to work hard for little pay
• Increases in demand spurred development
• Many economic barriers removed
• Common Market emerged

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• Ludwig Erhard led Western German economic
  development
• Combined free market and Nazi-inherited social
  welfare networks
• Jean Monnet led European unity economic pragmatic
  solutions

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European Unity

• Define/Describe the following
• Council of Europe
• Schuman Plan
• EEC
• 1957 Treaty of Rome
• EURATOM
• COMECON

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1. Discuss the steps taken by de Gaulle to make
   France a player in Cold War affairs. (pg 895)
2. What was the Manhattan Project?
3. What is Big Science?
4. Describe the key events of the Space Race

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1. What is meant by Brain Drain?
2. Discuss the rise of the Middle Class. What
   caused its rise? What were its characteristics?
   What changes did it go through?
3. Describe Consumerism (pg 900)
4. What was the Gadget Revolution?
5. Describe the new Youth Movement

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1. What caused the outbreak of student revolutions
   in the 1960s? (pg 910)
2. Describe the French student revolt of 1968.
3. What was the Prague Spring of 1968?
4. What was the Brezhnev Doctrine? (pg 914)