WOMEN, GENDER, AND EMPOWERMENT - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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WOMEN, GENDER, AND EMPOWERMENT

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WOMEN, GENDER, AND EMPOWERMENT RESOURCES Modern Latin America chs. 7, 11 (Colombia, Chile) Htun, Women and Democracy (CR #3) Video In Women s Hands ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: WOMEN, GENDER, AND EMPOWERMENT


1
WOMEN, GENDER, AND EMPOWERMENT
2
RESOURCES
  • Modern Latin America chs. 7, 11 (Colombia, Chile)
  • Htun, Women and Democracy (CR 3)
  • Video In Womens Hands

3
STEREOTYPES
  • Powerless in a macho world
  • Passivity, docility
  • Focus on family, children
  • Lack of interest in politics and public sphere
  • Marianismo (a controversial concept)

4
WOMENS INTERESTS
  • Feminine or feminist?
  • Practical interests position within gendered
    division of labor
  • Strategic interests alternative social codes
    deriving from broad analysis of womens
    subordination
  • Difference from U.S. interests in economic
    equality (e.g., glass ceiling) and sexual
    liberation emphasis on distinctiveness of
    womanhood

5
WOMEN AND AUTHORITARIANISM
  • Compliance courtship by dictators
  • Opposition merger of practical and strategic
    interests
  • Articulation of demands
  • Mothers (and Grandmothers) of Plaza de Mayo in
    Argentina
  • Arpilleristas in Chile
  • militant motherhood in Brazil
  • Pro-democratic, left-of-center orientation

6
WOMEN IN TRANSITIONS TOWARD DEMOCRACY
  • Urgency of institutional agenda gt concern for
    gender-related issues
  • Backlog of impatient men
  • Gender identity giving way to partisan
    affiliation
  • Loss of solidarity

7
SOURCES OF EMPOWERMENT
  • Participation in labor force (23 in 1970, 35
    by 2000)
  • Education (half of university students)
  • Significant share of electorate
  • Desire for change (and attitudes about womens
    superiority in selected issue-areas)
  • International reputation (?)

8
Women in Latin American Legislatures,
1990-2010 WOMEN
(AS TOTAL) Country 1990 2000 2010 Argentina
5
27 39 Bolivia
9 12
25 Brazil 5
6 9 Chile 6
11 14 Colombia
9 12 -- Ecuador
7 15
32 El Salvador
-- 10
19 Guatemala
7 9 12 Mexico
12 16
26 Paraguay 4
3 13 Peru
6 20 28 Uruguay
6 12
15 Venezuela 10
10 -- not available.
9
ON QUOTAS
  • To be effective, must be
  • Obligatory
  • Placement mandate
  • Cost for non-compliance
  • Most congenial electoral systems
  • Proportional representation
  • Closed party lists
  • Large districts (i.e., deputies per district)

10
VOTING PATTERNS
  • Traditional gender gap
  • More conservative than men
  • Chile 1999 Right garnered 51 of women votes,
    Concertación 49 Right got only 46 of male
    votes, Concertación 54
  • Right is now appealing to traditional family
    values
  • Womens issues
  • Rarely top-priority campaign platforms
  • Success in agenda-setting gt policy implementation
  • Women, in order to be important politically,
    cant talk about gender issues

11
ABORTION
  • Central issue on feminist agenda
  • Still prohibited in several countries (including
    Uruguay and Chile)
  • Common permitted if health or life of mother at
    risk (as certified by..)
  • Available on demand
  • Cuba
  • Mexico City (DF, under leftist PRD)

12
WOMEN PRESIDENTS
  • Generation I Widows
  • Isabel Martínez de Perón (Argentina)
  • Violeta Barrios de Chamorro (Nicaragua)
  • Mireya Moscoso (Panama)
  • Generation II Self-Made Politicians
  • Michelle Bachelet (Chile)
  • Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (Argentina)
  • Laura Chinchilla (Costa Rica)
  • Dilma Rousseff (Brazil)

13
  • Comparisons with the United States?

14
CONTRASTS WITH USA
  • Issues Feminism and Womens Interests
  • Glass ceiling vs. household survival
  • Sexual liberation vs. domestic violence
  • Power-seeking vs. pro-human rights
  • Middle class vs. popular level
  • Social Movements and Political Parties
  • Stridency vs. incrementalism
  • Autonomous social movements or established
    parties
  • Gender gap in voting
  • Confrontation with authoritarian rulers
  • Ambiguities of democratic rule
  • Representation in legislatures, cabinets,
    executive positions?

15
LEGISLATURES
  • Gain of 35 , from 14 to 19 (2000-2006)
  • USA 17
  • World average 18.6
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