Beijing Takes Anti - Flu Steps in Live Bird Markets

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Table of Contents

• 1. Text
• 2. Exercise
• 3. Part B Grammar
• 4. Part C

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Text A Engineering
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1 Engineering is the profession that puts
scientific knowledge to practical use. Engineers
use principles of science to design structures,
machines, and products of all kinds. They look
for better ways to use existing resources and
often develop new materials. Engineers have had a
direct role in the creation of most of modern
technologythe tools, materials, techniques, and
power sources that make our lives easier.
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2 The field of engineering includes a wide
variety of activities. For example, engineering
projects range from the construction of huge dams
to the design of tiny electronic circuits.
Engineers may help produce guided missiles,
industrial robots, or artificial limbs for the
physically handicapped. They develop complex
scientific equipment to explore the reaches of
outer space and the depths of the oceans.
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2 Engineers also plan our electric power and
water supply systems, and do research to improve
automobiles, television sets, and other consumer
products. They may work to reduce environmental
pollution, increase the world's food supply, and
make transportation faster and safer.
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3 The history of engineering is the record of
human ingenuity through the ages. Even in
prehistoric times, people " adapted to basic
engineering techniques from things that were
available in nature. For example, sturdy sticks
became levers to lift large rocks, and logs were
used as rollers to move heavy loads. The
development of agriculture and the growth of
civilization brought about a new wave of
engineering efforts.
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3 People invented farming tools, designed
elaborate irrigation networks, and built the
first cities. The construction of the gigantic
Egyptian pyramids at Giza during the 2500s B.C.
was one of the greatest engineering feats of
ancient times. In ancient Rome, engineers built
large aqueducts and bridges and vast systems of
roads. During the 200s B.C., the Chinese erected
major sections of the monumental Great Wall of
China.
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4 Early engineers used such simple machines as
the inclined plane, wedge, and wheel and axle.
During the Middle Ages, a period in European
history that lasted from the A.D. 400s to the
1500s, inventors developed machines to harness
water, wind, and animal power. The growing
interest in new types of machines and new sources
of power to drive them helped bring about the
Industrial Revolution of the 1700s and 1800s,
during which, their role expanded rapidly.
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???16??????),?????????????????????.???????????????
???????????????18?19???????.???????,??????????.
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4 The practical steam engine developed by the
Scottish engineer James Watt in the 1760s
revolutionized transportation and industry by
providing a cheap, efficient source of power. New
ironmaking techniques provided engineers with the
material to improve machines and tools and to
build bridges and ships. Many roads, railroads,
and canals were constructed to link the growing
industrial cities.
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5 Distinct branches of engineering began to
develop during the Industrial Revolution. The
term civil engineer was first used about 1750 by
John Smeaton, a British engineer. Mechanical
engineers emerged as specialists in industrial
machinery, and mining and metallurgical engineers
were needed to supply metals and fuels.
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5 By the late 1800s, the development of
electric power and advances in chemical
processing had created the fields of electrical
and chemical engineering. Professional schools
began to be founded as the demand for engineers
steadily increased.
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?,???????????
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6 Since 1900, the number of engineers and of
engineering specialties has expanded
dramatically. Artificial hearts, airplanes,
computers, lasers, nuclear energy, plastics,
space travel, and television are only a few of
the scientific and technological breakthroughs
that engineers have helped bring about in this
century.
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??????????????????????????????????.
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6 Because science and technology are
progressing and changing so rapidly, today's
engineers must study throughout their careers to
make sure that their knowledge and expertise do
not become obsolete. They face the challenging
task of keeping pace with the latest advances
while working to shape the technology of the
future.
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6 ??????????????,???????????????????????????????
??????????????????,??????????????.
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7 The field of engineering offers a broad range
of job opportunities. Engineers may work in
factories, offices, and government laboratories
or at construction sites. Some engineers are
involved in the research and development (RD) of
new products. Others are responsible for turning
plans and specifications for new structures,
machines, or systems into reality.
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7 Still others use their background and
training to sell and service technical equipment.
Many engineers work on projects in teams that
include scientists, technicians, and other
engineers, however, some engineers act as
independent consultants who sell their services
to people who need engineering assistance.
Engineers may also hold teaching positions or
move up into management positions in business.
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8 Certain abilities and traits help qualify a
person for an engineering career. Engineers must
have technical aptitude and skill in mathematics
and the sciences. They should be curious about
the "how" and "why" of natural and mechanical
things and creative in finding new ways of doing
things, able to analyze problems systematically
and logically and to communicate well both
orally and in writing, and willing to work within
strict budgets and meet tight deadlines.
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8 In addition, skill in directing and
supervising other workers is an important part of
many engineering jobs.
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8 ??,????????,?????????????????????
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Language Study
1.principle 1. ????C I take this seriously.
It's a matter of principle. ?????????????? 2.
(????)????????C The two machines work on the
same principle. ??????????????? principal 1.
??????C The school principal read the honor
roll list. ????????? 2. ???,???,????B Drinking
is a principal cause of traffic
accidents. ?????????????

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Language Study
2.explore (search, examine) v. 1.?????...??
They explored this desert region in 1923.
?????,??????????? 2. ??,?? The conference
explored the possibility of closer trade links.
???????????????????? exploration explorer n.

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Language Study
3. adapt v. 1.???,???(to) He tried hard to
adapt himself to the new conditions.
????????????? 2.??,??(for) The author is
going to adapt his play for television.
?????????????? Cf. adopt v. 1. ?????? After
much deliberation, the president decided to adopt
her suggestion. ?????????,????????? 2.
??,??(as) Mr. Kern adopted the orphan as his
own son. ????????????? 3. ????,?? The agenda was
adopted after some discussion. ????,????????

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Language Study
4.available a. 1.???,???????? (for/to) The
swimming pool is available only in summer.
??????????? 2.????,??? TV sets are available in
any department stores. ?????????????????? 3.???
, ?????? The principal is available now.
?????????? availability n.

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Language Study
5. load v. 1.?,?? (with) The dockers are
loading the ship with coal. ?????????? 2.?????(
?,?)?????(???) Don't forget to load your
camera. ??????????? n. C 1.???? The
load on that beam is more than it will bear.
????????????????? 2.(?????)???? The good news
has taken a load off my mind.
????????????? 3.??? Measures have been taken to
lighten the load of the hospital doctors.
??????????????? download, upload workload

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Language Study
6.bring about ??, ?? Science has brought about
many changes in our lives. ??????????????

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Language Study
7.erect a. 1.???,???,??? Soldiers are
trained to stand erect. ????????? 1.???,??? He
erected himself to full height. ?????? 2.??
??,?? A monument was erected in front of the
town hall. ????????????? erection n.

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Language Study
8.revolutionize v. 1.????,?...??????????
Automation has revolutionized industry.
?????????????? Informationize, modernize,
industrialize, Informationization,
modernization, industrialization Revolution,
revolutionary base,

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Language Study
9. civil a. 1.???,???,??????ZB Martin
Luther King was the leader of the civil rights
movement. ????????????? 2.?????,??????
It's civil of you to say so. ??????????? 3.???
Patriotic soldiers appealed for the prevention of
a civil war. ?????????????

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Language Study
10.qualify, qualified, qualification
v. 1.?????,???(as/for)O2 I am a qualified
doctor, who will not hurt you.
?????????,??????? Two years of experience
qualified him for a promotion.
??????????????? n. 1.??(???)??U She passed
her qualification for the Olympic gymnastic
competition.???????????????

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Language Study
11.Direct, direction v. 1.????(to) Would
you please direct me to the zoo?
?????????? 2.????CU He drove in the
direction of the farm. ????????? direction
n. ??????P(for) Follow the directions
that your doctor gives you. ????? director
n. 1.?????????? the Director of the CIA
(??)??????? 2.???? a board of directors
??? 3.(????)?? Her husband is a film director.
????????? Directory 1.???????????? a
telephone dirctory ???

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EXERCISES

• I. Reading Comprehension
• II. Getting Information
• III. Vocabulary And Structure A B C
• IV. Translation A B C
• Grammar
• Ex.1
• Ex.2

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READING COMPREHENSION

• 1-5 ADDAB

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GETTING INFORMATION

• OMITTED

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VOCABULARY AND STRUCTURE A
NOUN VERB ADJECTIVE
Challenge Challenge Challenging
Specialization Specialize Special
Existence Exist Existing
Curiousness Curious
Emergency Emerge Emergent
Quality Qualify Qualified
practice practice practical
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VOCABULARY AND STRUCTURE B

1. B
2. A
3. D
4. A
5. B
6. A

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VOCABULARY AND STRUCTURE C

1. range
2. monumental
3. load
4. practice
5. reduce
6. expanded
7. distinct
8. process
9. career
10. specification

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Translation A

• 1.

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Translation B

1. a sturdy child
2. to harness the river
3. in prehistoric times
4. to qualify him for an engineer
5. to be curious about knowledge
6. to meet the deadline

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Translation C

1. Its obvious that it is no use arguing with him/
2. He played the role of the old king in our school
   play.
3. This photograph makes her look very young.
4. He assisted the professor in compiling the
   dictionary.
5. Please make sure that the house is locked up
   before you leave.

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Grammar Ex.1

• 1-5 DCBCA
• 6-10 BBBBD
• 11-15 BDADC

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Grammar Ex.2

1. Translating this book is difficult.
2. It is no use hurrying to the railway station. The
   train must have left.
3. We know that he is very fond of collecting
   stamps.
4. Smoking in the classroom is prohibited.
5. Our task is increasing the production.

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Grammar Ex.2

• 6. They objected to delaying the meeting until
  next week.
• 7. Do you mind my closing the window.
• 8. He avoided giving a clear answer.
• 9. Are you interested in going to an English
  play?
• 10. His method of organizing the work is
  effective.

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Part C
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Assignment
Preview Unit 2