1 Compare and Contrast How do vertebrates differ from other chordates

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• 1 Compare and Contrast How do vertebrates differ
  from other chordates
• 2 Review Describe the seven essential functions
  performed by all animals
• Explain Why must waste products produced by
  metabolic processes be eliminated from an
  animals body
• 3 Classify A classmate is looking at a
  unicellular organism under a microscope and asks
  you if it is an animal- what do you answer and why

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Ch 25 Introduction to Animals

• 25.1 What is an Animal

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Characteristics of Animals

• Heterotrophs
• Obtain energy by eating other organisms
• Multicellular
• Bodies are composed of many cells
• Eukaryotic
• Contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
• Lack cell walls.

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Types of Animals

• Invertebrates
• Chordates.

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Invertebrates

• Include all animals that lack a backbone, or
  vertebral column
• More than 95 percent of animal species are
  informally called invertebrates
• From dust mites to giant squid.

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Chordates

• Exhibit at some stage of life
• Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
• Notochord
• Tail that extends beyond the anus
• Pharyngeal pouches.

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Chordates

• Hollow nerve cord runs along the dorsal (back)
  part of the body
• Nerves branch from this cord at intervals.

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Chordates

• Notochord is a long supporting rod that runs
  through the body just below the nerve cord
• Most chordates only have a notochord as embryos.

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Chordates

• All chordates have a tail that extends beyond the
  anus at some point in their lives.

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Chordates

• Pharyngeal pouches are paired structures in the
  throat region (pharynx)
• Slits may develop to connect to outside of body
  for gas exchange (gills).

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• Most chordates develop a backbone, or vertebral
  column, constructed of bones called vertebrae
• Vertebrates
• Chordates with backbones
• Fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

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Animal Survival
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Maintaining Homeostasis

• Feedback inhibition or negative feedback
• System in which the product or result of a
  process limits the process itself
• If you get too cold, you shiver, using muscle
  activity to generate heat
• Thermostat in house.

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Gathering and Responding to Information

• Nervous system gathers information using receptor
  cells that respond to sound, light, chemicals,
  and other stimuli
• Other nerve cells collect and process that
  information and determine how to respond.

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• Often respond to processed information by moving
• Muscle tissue contracts when stimulated by the
  nervous system
• Muscles work together with some kind of a
  skeleton.

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• Some invertebrates have only a loose network of
  nerve cells, with no real center
• Other invertebrates and most chordates have large
  numbers of nerve cells concentrated into a brain.

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Obtaining and Distributing Oxygen and Nutrients

• All animals must breathe to obtain oxygen
• May use gills, lungs, or air passages.

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• All animals must eat to obtain nutrients
• Most animals have a digestive system that
  acquires food and breaks it down into forms cells
  can use.

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• Animals must transport them to cells throughout
  their bodies by using some kind of circulatory
  system.

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Collecting and Eliminating CO2 and Other Wastes

• Animals metabolic processes generate carbon
  dioxide and other waste products, some of which
  contain nitrogen in the form of ammonia
• Many animals eliminate carbon dioxide by using
  their respiratory systems.

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• Most complex animals have a specialized organ
  system for concentrating, processing, and
  eliminating other wastes, such as ammonia.

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• Circulatory system must collect wastes from cells
  throughout the body and then deliver them to the
  respiratory or excretory system.

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Reproducing

• Most animals reproduce sexually by producing
  haploid gametes
• Many invertebrates and a few vertebrates can also
  reproduce asexually.