KONSEP TEKNOLOGI PENGELOLAAN PENCEMARAN UDARA Oleh Sudrajat - FMIPA UNMUL - PROGRAM Magister Ilmu Lingkungan UNMUL 2005

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KONSEP TEKNOLOGI PENGELOLAAN PENCEMARAN
UDARAOlehSudrajat- FMIPA UNMUL- PROGRAM
Magister Ilmu Lingkungan UNMUL2005
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• KONTROL EMISI SO2 DARI SUMBER EMISI
  STATIONER
• PREVENTIF
• Gunakan Batubara berkadar Sulfur rendah ( Untuk
  pembangkit Tenaga baru)
• Hilangkan SO2 dari batubara
• Konversi Batubara menjadi bentuk cair atu gas (
  Liquifaction atau gasifikasi )
• Hilangkan Sulfur dari proses pembakaran dengan
  metode Fluidized-bed-combustion ( FBC) dari
  batubara. Dapat menghilangkan sulfur dioksida
  sebanyak 90 , CO2 20 dan meningkatkan
  efisiensi energi sebanyak 5 .
• Penghilangan sulfur selama pembakaran dengan
  menggunakan suntikan kapur terus menerus ( LIMB /
  Limestone Injection Multiple Burning).

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• B. PEMBERSIHAN
• Gunakan cerobong asap yang tinggi
• Pemakaian alat untuk mengendalikan polutan dengan
  FLUE GAS SCRUBBER yang dapat mengurangi hingga 95
  senyawa SO2 dan 99.9 partikulat udara, namun
  tidak bagi partikel udara halus yang dapat masuk
  ke paru-paru.
• 3. Pengambilan SO2 setelah pembakaran dg memakai
  scrubber organik. Dapat menyerap 95 S02 dg
  menggunakan garam AMINE.
• 4. Peningkatan pajak bagi setiap unit EMISI
  POLUTAN UDARA

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• KONTROL EMISI NOX DARI SUMBER EMISI
  STATIONER
• PREVENTIF
• Hilangkan NOx dari proses pembakaran dengan
  metode Fluidized-bed-combustion ( FBC) dapat
  menghilangkan NOX sebanyak 50 75
• Penghilangan sulfur selama pembakaran dengan
  menggunakan suntikan kapur terus menerus ( LIMB /
  Limestone Injection Multiple Burning). Dapat
  menghilangkan NOx sebanyak 50 60
• Reduksi NOx melalui penurunan suhu pembakaran,
  dan dapat mengurangi produksi gas ini sebanyak
  50-60

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• B. PEMBERSIHAN
• Gunakan cerobong asap yang tinggi
• Pemakaian alat untuk mengendalikan polutan dengan
  FLUE GAS SCRUBBER dengan menambah senyawa
  phosphor
• Peningkatan pajak bagi setiap unit EMISI POLUTAN
  UDARA
• Pengambilan NOx setelah pembakaran dengan
  Pembakaran kembali ( Reburning). Dapat menyerap
  senyawa ini sebanyak 50 atau lebih
• Pengambilan NOx setelah pembakaran dengan
• mereaksikannya terhadap senyawa ISOCYANIC ACID
  
• ( HCNO). Dapat memecah senyawa ini hingga 99
  dan
• dengan merubah menjadi senyawa yg kurang
  bahaya
• dan masuk ke dalam air.

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• KONTROL EMISI PARTIKULAT DARI SUMBER
  EMISI STATIONER
• PREVENTIF
• Konversi Batubara menjadi bentuk cair atu gas (
  Liquifaction atau gasifikasi )
• B. PEMBERSIHAN
• 1. Gunakan cerobong asap yang tinggi
• Pemakaian alat untuk mengendalikan polutan
• Stack/cerobong dg menggunakan elektrostatic
  presipitator,
• bag house filter, cyclone separator, wet
  srubber.
• Peningkatan pajak bagi setiap unit EMISI POLUTAN
  
• UDARA

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Control of pollutants from mobile sources Cleaner
carsIn response to tighter standards,
manufacturers equipped new cars with even more
sophisticated emission control systems. These
systems generally include a "three-way" catalyst
(which converts carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons
to carbon dioxide and water, and also helps
reduce nitrogen oxides to elemental nitrogen and
oxygen), plus an on-board computer and oxygen
sensor. This equipment helps optimize the
efficiency of the catalytic converter. The
catalytic converter is an anti-pollution device
located between a vehicle's engine and tailpipe.
Catalytic converters work by facilitating
chemical reactions that convert exhaust
pollutants such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen
oxides to normal atmospheric gases such as
nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and water. Figure
Typical Catalyst System for Exhaust Emissions
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In diesel exhaust, the addition of a particulate
filter as an anti-pollution device traps
particles in the exhaust before they can escape
into the atmosphere. A vapor recovery system,
also an anti-pollution system, captures gasoline
vapors that would otherwise escape into the
atmosphere from hot vehicle engines and fuel
tanks. Finally, auto makers must build some cars
that use clean fuels, including alcohol, and that
release less pollution from the tailpipe through
advanced engine design. Electric cars, which are
low-pollution vehicles, are currently being used
as clean cars. Electric cars produce essentially
no pollution from the tailpipe or through fuel
evaporation. Car manufacturers are also beginning
to sell "hybrid" vehicles that combine an
electric motor with a separate gasoline or diesel
engine. Hybrid vehicles can more than double the
gas mileage of conventional gasoline or
diesel-powered cars and can cut emissions
significantly.
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Figure Typical Catalyst System for Exhaust
Emissions                                        
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Source Control Technology Control of pollutants
from mobile sources Cleaner fuelsOne way to
reduce air pollution from cars and trucks is to
use a gasoline that is designed to burn clean.
This cleaner burning gasoline, called
reformulated gasoline or RFG, is required in
cities with the worst smog pollution, but other
cities with smog problems may choose to use RFG.
Reformulated gasoline contains less volatile
organic compounds (VOCs), and will contain oxygen
additives to make the fuel burn more efficiently.
Also, all gasolines will have to contain
detergents, which, by preventing build-up of
engine deposits, keep engines working smoothly
and burning fuel cleanly. Figure Methyl
tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) Methyl
tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) is the oxygen
additive most commonly used by the petroleum
industry to satisfy the two percent oxygen
mandate in the RFG program. MTBE is used in
approximately 87 percent of RFG, with ethanol
being the second most commonly used additive.
Oxygenates increase the combustion efficiency of
gasoline, thereby reducing vehicle emissions of
carbon monoxide. On the other hand, EPA
encourages the development and sale of
alternative fuels such as alcohols, liquefied
petroleum gas (LPG) and natural gas in order to
lower fuel emissions.
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Figure Methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE)