?????(2) Medicine:its past, present and future

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?????(2)Medicineits past, present and future

• ??????? ? ?

2
What is Medicine?

• ?? ???????????????????,??
• ??????(??, 1979,1989,1999 ?)
• Medicine the art and science concerned with
  the maintenance of health and the prevention,
  alleviation or cure of disease (Encyclopedia
  Britannica)
• Medicine is the most humane of sciences,
  the most empiric of arts, and the most scientific
  of the humanities (Edmund
  Pellegrino)

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? ? ? ? The Origin of Medicine

• ???? (?????)
• ????? myths and legends
• ???? archeological discovery

4
?????????
Aesculapius God of Medicine,Son of
Apollo,Benefactor of Humankind
??Chiron???????Aesculapius Chiron-chirurgeon
-surgeon
5
?????????

• ?????????
• ?????????????????,?????????????????????????????
  ?,?????????????????????????,????,????
  ?????????????
• Two daughters
• Hygeia (hygiene, ??)  
• Panacea (panacea???)
• 
  

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caduceus
Caduceus
Hermes- son of Zeus and Maia, God of messenger
(Mercury)
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?????????

• ????-???(??)
• ????????,?????,??????,????,????????
  ?????????????????????,??????,???????????,????
  ???,???????

8
?????????

• ?????

??? ????,????,?????
???????????
9
?????????

• ????-??
• ?????????,??,????????,??????????????????????
  ???????????,???????????

10
?????????

• ??-????
• ????????????? ???????????,???,????????
• ??-????,?????????????,???????????(???)
• ??-??????,???,???????
• ??-????,????????

? ?
? ?
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?????????

• ??????,???????????,?????,?????????,?????????????
  ???????????????????,???????????????????,??????????
  ???

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??????????

• ???????,????????,?????????,??????????,????,?
  ????(?,????)??????????????
• ????????????,??????????,??????????????????,?????,?
  ?????????????????????????,?????????(??-??-??,??,??
  ,??,??)

?? ??
???
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Prehistoric Medicine-archeological discovery

• ?????(5000 BC to 4500 BC)???????????????,?????????
  ?????,??????????

14
????????

• ??????????????????,???????????????????????????????
  ????
• ??????????????,???????????,???????????????????????
  ????????,??????????????,?????,??????,,??????,?????
  ?????,????????,??????????

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Stone age mans medicine
????????????1991?8?????-??????????????????,?5300
??,??45???? ????????????????Piptoporus betulinus
?????????,??????????(whipworm, Trichuris
trichiura)
Iceman lived in 5300 years ago stone age The
fungus may be used as natural medicine
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????????

• ????-??
• ?,????? -??
• ??????????
• ???????????
• ????,?????
• ??,???????
• ?????
• ??,??,??,??

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(No Transcript)
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trephination ?????
19
??????? (????? ?5000??)
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?????(???) Trephination (7000-3000B.C.
Neolithic period)
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????????

• ?????(???)
• Trephination
• (7000-3000B.C.
• Neolithic period)
• ????????
• ??????
• ??????

22
????????

• ?????????????,??? ????,????????,?????????
• ????,????? ??????????????,???????,???????
• ????????????,????????????????????????????,????,???
  ???,????,????(witch-doctor)??????????????,??????
  ??????????,??????????????

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????

• ???????????,??????????,???????????
• ???????????,???????,??????????????????????????
  ??????,?????????,????????????????????,???????
  ???

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?????

• ?
• ? ?

? shu
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??????
China
Mesopotamia

• Mesopotamia

India
Egypt
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?????? Ancient Egypt

• 4000 B.C.??????(hieroglyph)
• 3100 B.C.??????? (?????)

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?????? Ancient Egypt

• ?????(Imhotep)
• ?????????2980?????????(Djoser)???????????????,??
  ??????,???????? (God of Medicine)?

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?????? Ancient Egypt

• ?????????????????????????

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?????? Ancient Egypt
??????????????????CT?????????
Tutankhamun (13411323 BC)
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?????? Ancient Egypt

• 2000-1500 BC ?? (Papyrus)??
• ???800????????,???????????????????????600????,????
  ???????(???-???????)?????????????????????????,????
  ??????
• ???????
• ?????????

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?????? Ancient Egypt

• ?????? Edward Smith Papyrus
• ??????????,???48?????,?????,??????????????????????
  ????????????????
• ???????17??,?????3000?2500??????????14????????,??
  ??????????????,???,??????????????????????

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??????? Ancient Babylon

• 5000-4000 B.C ?????
• 2000 B.C. ?????

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??????? Ancient Babylon

• ??????????,??????????????????,????????,???????????
  ?,???????????????,????????????,???????????????????
  ???

???? Arrowheaded characters
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??????? Ancient Babylon

• ????(1792-1750 B.C)?? Hammurabi Code
  ?282?,??215240?,??????????????????????

Louvre Museum in paris 1901-2
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?????? Ancient India

• ??????,???????????????,?????????????????????????
  ???????????,????,??????,?????????????????????(??23
  00?1700)
• ???????????????????????????????????????????????

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?????? Ancient India

• ????(??veda?????)(1500900 BC)
• ???? Rigveda
• ????? Atharvaveda(Brahman veda)
• ???? Ayurveda(????)

????????????????,?,?(doshasVata,Pita, Kapha)
???????,?,?????,??????????,?,?,?,???????(5
elementsEther, Water, Fire, Earth, Air)
?(Vataetherair, Pita waterfire, Kapha
waterearth)
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?????? Ancient India

• ??????????,???????????????????????????,?????,???
  ,??,?,???,?,?,??,???,??,??,??,?????
• ??????????????????,??????,???????????,????????????
  ??

?? Sushruta (500 BC)
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??????

• ??? Gasparo Tagliacozzi
• (1546-1599)

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??????Traditional Chinese Medicine

• ??????????????????????????????,?????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????
• ??????????,???76?(????19?,??27?,???30?),???54?(?
  ???24?,??30?)??????7?,??137?,????????????,????????
  ?,????,????????

?????????????,????,??????,?????,????,??????

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??????Traditional Chinese Medicine

• ???????????(475-221 B.C)
• ?????????????????, ?????????????????????????,??
  ???????,??????????????

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??????Traditional Chinese Medicine

• ?????? ?????
• ???????????????????????????,??365?,????????
• ??????
• ??????
• ??????
• ?? ????,
• ????,????

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??????Traditional Chinese Medicine

• ????- ????

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??????Traditional Chinese Medicine

• ???????
• ???????????????,
• ??????
• ???????????
• ?????????????????
• ?????????????????

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??????Traditional Chinese Medicine

• ??????
• ??(??)?????????????
• ??(??)???????????
• ??????
• ??????
• ?????????????
• ?? ???????????????
• ???? ???? ????
• ???? ????

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??????Traditional Chinese Medicine

• ?????,?????(???????)?,??????,???????
• ????????????????,??????,????????????????????,???
  ???????????
• ???????????????????,?????113???????262?,??
  ?????????????,????????

??? 150-219
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??????Traditional Chinese Medicine

• ???????mi???????12?,128??????????????????,??????
  ????????????????????????????????349?(????49?,??300
  ?)???????????
• ???,????
• ????,???
• ?????????

???(215-282)
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??????Traditional Chinese Medicine

• ???????(605617)????????????????,???????????????
  ??????????????????50?,?67?,????1,700??,???????????
  ????????????????????????????????????????????

??? 550-630
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??????Traditional Chinese Medicine

• ???????(?????)????????????????,???????????????,???
  ?,??????
• ???????????????????,??????30?,???5,300????
  ??30?,??2,571????????????????????????????
• ????????????,????????????,???????????,?????????,?
  ????????
• ??????,???????,????,????,?????

??? 581-682
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?????,??????,????,????????,????????????????
?,????????,????,????,????,????,?????????????,????
,?????????,????,????,????????????????,????,???????
?,????????????????,????????,??????,?????,??????
????,?????????,??????(????,????,????,????)
???? ????
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??????Traditional Chinese Medicine

• ??? ???????????800??,??27???,???????,????1,892?,
  ??10,000??,??????
• ?????
• ?????
• ?????

???1518-1593)
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??????Traditional Chinese Medicine

• ?????
• ???(1120-1200),????(???????)???????????,????????
  ????,?????????
• ???(1156-1228),????????????,????,????,????????????
  ???,?????????
• ???(1180-1251),??????,????,?????????,??????????
  ??????????
• ???(?? 1281-1358),?????,????????,????(??????????
  ?,????),????????????,??????????

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Break
53
????
??? ????
??? ?? ?????
????? ?????
????? ???? ???? ????
???
? ? ?
54
???????????
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?????Greek Civilization

• 2800-1400BC,????(Crete)??????(Minoan)??,???????(Pe
  loponnese)?????(Mycenaean)???
• 1200 BC ????Dorian??????
• 750 BC?????? (polis)???
• ???8-4??, ?????????,?????????????????????????????
• 334-323 BC ??????(Alexander the
  Great)???,???(Hellenistic civilization)

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?????
57
?????
58
?????
Plato
Archimedes
Euclid
Socrates
Aristotle
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???????????
???????11-9?? Trojan War
Homer the Iliad and Odyssey
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????? Ancient Greece

• Temple of Asclepius

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?????Ancient Greece
A sick child brought into the temple of Asclepius
John Waterhouse 1877
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????? Ancient Greece

• Hippocrates
• The father of medicine
• (460-377 B.C)

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Cos Island and Cos School of Medicine
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?????Ancient Greece

• ???????Corpus Hippocraticum ??????????????????????
  ???????????????
• ???????????????????(?????Empedocles ???)
• ???(holistic medicine)????????

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???????????
?? ?? ?? ?? ?(?)??(?) ??
???(???) ?(?)??(?) ?? ???(???)
?(?)??(?) ?? ???(???) ?(?)??(?) ??
???(???)
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????? Ancient Greece
????? Four humors ???? Four Personality
types Sanguinity ???,?? Phlegmatic
???,?? Choleric ???,?? Melancholic ???,??
???
???
???
???
???
???
???
???
67
???????????

• ???????????,??????,????????????,?????????????,????
  ?????????????
• ??????????????,?????????????

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??????? Hippocrates Aphorism

• Life is short, and Art long the crisis
  fleeting experience perilous, and decision
  difficult.????,??????????????,?????
• For extreme diseases, extreme methods of cure are
  most suitable.
• Those things which require to be evacuated should
  be evacuated, wherever they most tend, by the
  proper outlets.
• It is better not to apply any treatment in cases
  of occult cancer for, if treated, the patients
  die quickly but if not treated, they hold out
  for a long time.

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Oath of Hippocrates
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Hippocrates Oath

• With the purity and with the holiness I will pass
  my life and practice my art.
• I consider for the benefit of my patients, and
  abstain from whatever is deleterious and
  mischievous.

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????? ????,??????????????????,?????
???????,????,????,????,????,????,????,????,
????? ?????????????,??????,??????????,????
,????,????,????????????????????????
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Hippocrates refuses gifts offered by Artaxerxes,
king of the Persians and enemy of the Greeks.
- by Girodet from 1792
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?????????
2000-1000BC ???? 753 BC ????? 510-25BC
????? 25BC-476AD ????
According to legend, Rome was founded  in 753 BC
by Romulus and Remus, who were raised by a
she-wolf.
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???? Roman Empire
??????????? Good in drain, not in brain


Pon tu Gard of Nimes
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???? Roman Empire
?????????????
Bath, England
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????Vespasianus (9-79 AD)
vespasienne(French)
???????,??????????
(money does not smell) vespasiano
(Italian)
Vespasianus - vespasienne
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???????-????

• Galen of Pergamon
• (129-201 AD)

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Galen ?????

• ????????????
• ???????
• Marcus Aurelius?????
• ?????????
• ?????????

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Galen ?????

• ??????
• ??????
• ??????
• ??????
• ?

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Galen ?????

• ????????
• ???????
• Natural spirit ???
• Vital spirit ???
• Animal spirit ???

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Galen ?????

• ????????
• ??????
• ???????
• ??????????
• ????????
• ????????

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Galen ??

• ??-???(theology-biology)?????,???????????,????????
  ??????????????
• ???????????????,?????????????
• ???????????????????
• ?????????????????????,?????????????????

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???????????
??????(totem)???????(????),???????,??????????????
??Witch-doctor ????????(natural
philosophy),??????????????,?????????????,???????(?
?,Phythagolas) Empirical medicine, speculative
(philosophical) medicine ????????????????,???????
??,???????????????????????????
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Thank you