Title: Durand and Barlow Chapter 2: An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology
1Chapter 2An Integrative Approach to
Psychopathology
2One-Dimensional vs. Multidimensional Models
- One-Dimensional Models
- Could mean a paradigm, school, or conceptual
approach - Could mean an emphasis on a specific cause of
abnormal behavior - Problems occur when information from other areas
is ignored - Multidimensional Models
- Interdisciplinary, eclectic, and integrative
- System of influences that cause and maintain
suffering - Draws upon information from several sources
- View abnormal behavior as multiply determined
3Multidimensional Models of Abnormal Behavior
- Biological Influences
- Behavioral Influences
- Emotional Influences
- Social Influences
- Developmental Influences
4Multidimensional Models of Abnormal Behavior
(cont.)
- Figure 2.1
- Judys case one-dimensional or multidimensional
models
5Genetic Contributions to Psychopathology
- Phenotype vs. Genotype
- Nature of Genes
- 23 pairs of chromosomes
- Dominant vs. recessive genes
- Development and behavior is often polygenetic
- Genetic Contribution to Psychopathology
- Less than 50
6The Interaction of Genetic and Environmental
Effects
- The Diathesis-Stress Model
- Psychopathology is the result of the interaction
of an inherited tendency and events in a persons
life. - Example alcoholism
- Reciprocal Gene-Environment Model
- An inherited tendency creates the very
environmental risk factors that trigger genetic
vulnerabilities. - Examples Depression, divorce, impulsivity
- Non-Genomic Inheritance of Behavior
- Genes are not the whole story
7Neuroscience Contributions to Psychopathology
- The Field of Neuroscience
- The role of the nervous system in disease and
behavior - The Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Brain and spinal cord
- The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- Somatic and autonomic branches
8Neuroscience Contributions to Psychopathology
(cont.)
Figure 2.4 Divisions of the nervous system (from
Goldstein, 1994)
9Neuroscience and the Central Nervous System
- The Neuron
- Soma Cell body
- Dendrites Branches that receive messages from
other neurons - Axon Trunk of neuron that sends messages to
other neurons - Axon terminals Buds at end of axon from which
chemical messages are sent - Synaptic cleft Small gaps that separate neurons
- Neurons Function Electrically, but Communicate
Chemically - Neurotransmitters are the chemical messengers
Please choose the button below that corresponds
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order to run the Neuron and Neural Impulse
animation
10Neuroscience and the Central Nervous System
(cont.)
Figure 2.5 Transmission of information from one
neuron to another
11Neuroscience and Major Neurotransmitters in
Psychopathology
- Norepinephrine (or noradrenaline) part of the
endocrine system, implicated in many disorders - Serotonin widespread effects, inc. mood
regulation - Dopamine implicated in schizophrenia and
Parkinsons - Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) inhibits
arousal/anxiety
Choose the button below that corresponds to the
type of operating system you are using in order
to run the Synaptic Transmission animation
12Overview Neuroscience and Brain Structure
- Two Main Parts
- Brainstem and forebrain
- Three Main Divisions
- Hindbrain
- Midbrain
- Forebrain
13Neuroscience and the Divisions of the Brain
- Hindbrain
- Medulla Heart rate, blood pressure, respiration
- Pons Regulates sleep stages
- Cerebellum Involved in physical coordination
- Midbrain
- Coordinates movement with sensory input
- Contains parts of the reticular activating system
(RAS) - Forebrain (Cerebral Cortex)
- Location of most sensory, emotional, and
cognitive processing - Two specialized hemispheres (left and right)
joined by the corpus callosum
14Neuroscience and Brain Structure
- Lobes of Cerebral Cortex
- Frontal Thinking and reasoning abilities,
memory - Parietal Touch recognition
- Occipital Integrates visual input
- Temporal Recognition of sights and sounds,
long-term memory storage - Limbic System
- Thalamus Receives and integrates sensory
information - Hypothalamus Controls eating, drinking,
aggression, sexual activity
15Neuroscience and the Divisions of the Brain
(cont.)
Figure 2.6b (cont.) Major structures of the brain
16Neuroscience and the Brain Structure (cont.)
Figure 2.6c The limbic system
17Peripheral Nervous and Endocrine Systems
- Somatic Branch of PNS Controls voluntary
muscles and movement - Autonomic Branch of the PNS
- Sympathetic and parasympathetic branches
- Regulates cardiovascular system body
temperature - Also regulates the endocrine system and aids in
digestion - The Endocrine System Hormones
- The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenalcortical Axis
(HYPAC axis) - Integration of endocrine and nervous system
function
18Neuroscience Peripheral Nervous andEndocrine
Systems (cont.)
Figure 2.8 The sympathetic nervous system (red
lines) and parasympathetic nervous system (blue
lines)
19Neuroscience Peripheral Nervous andEndocrine
Systems (cont.)
Figure 2.9 Location of some of the major
endocrine glands
20Implications of Neuroscience for Psychopathology
- Relations Between Brain and Abnormal Behavior
- Example Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
- Experience Can Change Brain Structure and
Function - Therapy Can Change Brain Structure and Function
- Medications and psychotherapy
21Psychological Contributions to Psychopathology
- Conditioning and Cognitive Processes
- Respondent and operant learning
- Learned helplessness
- Modeling and observational learning
- Prepared learning
- Cognitive Science and the Unconscious
- Implicit memory, Stroop paradigm
- Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
- Focus on maladaptive thinking and actions
22The Role of Emotion in Psychopathology
- The Nature of E-Motion
- To e-licit or e-voke motion
- Intimately tied with several forms of
psychopathology - Components of Emotion
- Behavior, physiology, and cognition
- Example of fear
- Harmful Side of Emotional Dysregulation
- Anger, hostility, emotional suppression, illness,
and psychopathology
23The Role of Emotion in Psychopathology (cont.)
- Figure 2.15
- Emotion has three important and overlapping
components behavior, cognition, and physiology
24Cultural, Social, and Interpersonal Factors in
Psychopathology
- Cultural Factors
- Influence the form and expression of normal and
abnormal behavior - Gender Effects
- Exerts a strong and puzzling effect on
psychopathology - Social Relationships
- Frequency and quality related to mortality,
disease, and psychopathology - Interpersonal Psychotherapy
- Stigma of Psychopathology is Culturally,
Socially, and Interpersonally Situated
25Life-Span and Developmental Influences Over
Psychopathology
- Life-Span Developmental Perspective
- Addresses developmental changes
- Such changes influence and constrain what is
normal and abnormal - The Principle of Equifinality
- Concept in developmental psychopathology
- Several paths to a given outcome
- Paths may operate differentially at different
developmental stages
26Summary of the Multidimensional Perspective of
Psychopathology
- Multiple Causation
- Is the rule, not the exception in explaining
normal and abnormal behavior - Take a Broad, Comprehensive, Systemic Perspective
- Addressing biological, psychological, social,
cultural, and developmental factors - Useful in Understanding the Causes of
Psychopathology and its Alleviation