Title: Structure and Function of the Muscular, Neuromuscular, Cardiovascular, and Respiratory Systems
1Structure and Function of the Muscular,
Neuromuscular, Cardiovascular, and Respiratory
Systems
chapter 1
Structure and Function of the Muscular,
Neuromuscular, Cardiovascular, and Respiratory
Systems
Gary R. Hunter, PhD, CSCS, FACSMRobert T.
Harris, PhD
2Chapter Objectives
- Describe the macrostructure and micro-structure
of muscle. - Describe the sliding-filament theory.
- Describe the characteristics of different muscle
fiber types. - Describe the characteristics of the
cardio-vascular and respiratory systems.
3Section Outline
- Muscular System
- Macrostructure and Microstructure
- Sliding-Filament Theory of Muscular Contraction
- Resting Phase
- Excitation-Contraction Coupling Phase
- Contraction Phase
- Recharge Phase
- Relaxation Phase
4Muscular System
- Macrostructure and Microstructure
- Each skeletal muscle is an organ that contains
muscle tissue, connective tissue, nerves, and
blood vessels. - Fibrous connective tissue, or epimysium, covers
the body's more than 430 skeletal muscles.
5Schematic Drawing of a Muscle
- Figure 1.1 (next slide)
- Schematic drawing of a muscle illustrating three
types of connective tissue - Epimysium (the outer layer)
- Perimysium (surrounding each fasciculus, or group
of fibers) - Endomysium (surrounding individual fibers)
6Figure 1.1
7Motor Unit
- Figure 1.2 (next slide)
- A motor unit consists of a motor neuron and the
muscle fibers it innervates. - There are typically several hundred muscle fibers
in a single motor unit.
8Figure 1.2
9Muscle Fiber
- Figure 1.3 (next slide)
- Sectional view of a muscle fiber
10Figure 1.3
11Myosin and Actin
- Figure 1.4 (next slide)
- The slide shows a detailed view of the myosin and
actin protein filaments in muscle. - The arrangement of myosin (thick) and actin
(thin) filaments gives skeletal muscle its
striated appearance.
12Figure 1.4
13Key Point
- The discharge of an action potential from a motor
nerve signals the release of calcium from the
sarcoplasmic reticulum into the myofibril,
causing tension development in muscle.
14Muscular System
- Sliding-Filament Theory of Muscular Contraction
- The sliding-filament theory states that the actin
filaments at each end of the sarcomere slide
inward on myosin filaments, pulling the Z-lines
toward the center of the sarcomere and thus
shortening the muscle fiber.
15Contraction of a Myofibril
- Figure 1.5 (next slide)
- (a) In stretched muscle the I-bands and H-zone
are elongated, and there is low force potential
due to reduced cross-bridgeactin alignment. - (b) When muscle contracts (here partially), the
I-bands and H-zone are shortened. - (c) With completely contracted muscle, there is
low force potential due to reduced
cross-bridgeactin alignment.
16Figure 1.5
17Muscular System
- Sliding-Filament Theory of Muscular Contraction
- Resting Phase
- Excitation-Contraction Coupling Phase
- Contraction Phase
- Recharge Phase
- Relaxation Phase
18Section Outline
- Neuromuscular System
- Activation of Muscles
- Muscle Fiber Types
- Motor Unit Recruitment Patterns During Exercise
- Preloading
- Proprioception
- Muscle Spindles
- Golgi Tendon Organs
- Older Muscle
19Neuromuscular System
- Activation of Muscles
- Arrival of the action potential at the nerve
terminal causes the release of acetylcholine.
Once a sufficient amount of acetylcholine is
released, an action potential is generated across
the sarco-lemma, and the fiber contracts. - The extent of control of a muscle depends on the
number of muscle fibers within each motor unit. - Muscles that function with great precision may
have as few as one muscle fiber per motor
neuron. - Muscles that require less precision may have
several hundred fibers served by one motor
neuron.
20Key Term
- all-or-none principle All of the muscle fibers
in the motor unit contract and develop force at
the same time. There is no such thing as a motor
neuron stimulus that causes only some of the
fibers to contract. Similarly, a stronger action
potential cannot produce a stronger contraction.
21Stimulated Motor Unit
- Figure 1.6 (next slide)
- Twitch, twitch summation, and tetanus of a motor
unit - a single twitch
- b force resulting from summation of two
twitches - c unfused tetanus
- d fused tetanus
22Figure 1.6
23Neuromuscular System
- Muscle Fiber Types
- Type I (slow-twitch)
- Type IIa (fast-twitch)
- Type IIab (fast-twitch) now named as Type IIax
- Type IIb (fast-twitch) now named as Type IIx
24Table 1.1
25Key Point
- Motor units are composed of muscle fibers with
specific morphological and physio-logical
characteristics that determine their functional
capacity.
26Neuromuscular System
- Motor Unit Recruitment Patterns During Exercise
- The force output of a muscle can be varied
through change in the frequency of activation of
individual motor units or change in the number of
activated motor units.
27Table 1.2
28Neuromuscular System
- Preloading
- Occurs when a load is lifted, since sufficient
force must be developed to overcome the inertia
of the load - Proprioception
- Information concerning kinesthetic sense, or
conscious appreciation of the position of body
parts with respect to gravity - Processed at subconscious levels
29Key Point
- Proprioceptors are specialized sensory receptors
that provide the central nervous system with
information needed to maintain muscle tone and
perform complex coordi-nated movements.
30Neuromuscular System
- How Can Athletes Improve Force Production?
- Recruit large muscles or muscle groups during an
activity. - Increase the cross-sectional area of muscles
involved in the desired activity. - Preload a muscle just before a concentric action
to enhance force production during the subsequent
muscle action. - Use preloading during training to develop
strength early in the range of motion.
31Neuromuscular System
- Proprioception
- Muscle Spindles
- Muscle spindles are proprioceptors that consist
of several modified muscle fibers enclosed in a
sheath of connective tissue.
32Muscle Spindle
- Figure 1.7 (next slide)
- When a muscle is stretched, deformation of the
muscle spindle activates the sensory neuron,
which sends an impulse to the spinal cord, where
it synapses with a motor neuron, causing the
muscleto contract.
33Figure 1.7
34Neuromuscular System
- Proprioception
- Golgi Tendon Organs (GTO)
- Golgi tendon organs are proprioceptors located in
tendons near the myotendinous junction. - They occur in series (i.e., attached end to end)
with extrafusal muscle fibers.
35Golgi Tendon Organ
- Figure 1.8 (next slide)
- When an extremely heavy load is placed on the
muscle, discharge of the GTO occurs. - The sensory neuron of the GTO activates an
inhibitory interneuron in the spinal cord, which
in turn synapses with and inhibits a motor neuron
serving the same muscle.
36Figure 1.8
37Neuromuscular System
- Older Muscle
- Muscle function is reduced in older adults.
- Reductions in muscle size and strength are
amplified in weight-bearing extensor muscles. - Muscle atrophy with aging results from losses in
both number and size of muscle fibers, especially
Type II muscle fibers. - Inactivity plays a major role but cannot account
for all of the age-related loss of muscle and
function.
38Section Outline
- Cardiovascular System
- Heart
- Valves
- Conduction System
- Electrocardiogram
- Blood Vessels
- Arteries
- Capillaries
- Veins
- Blood
39Cardiovascular System
- Heart
- The heart is a muscular organ made up of two
interconnected but separate pumps. - The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs.
- The left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the
body.
40Heart and Blood Flow
- Figure 1.9 (next slide)
- Structure of the human heart and course of blood
flow through its chambers
41Figure 1.9
42Cardiovascular System
- Heart
- Valves
- Tricuspid valve and mitral (bicuspid) valve
- Aortic valve and pulmonary valve
- Valves open and close passively, depending on the
pressure gradient - Conduction System
- Controls the mechanical contraction of the heart
43Electrical Conduction System
- Figure 1.10 (next slide)
- The electrical conduction system of the heart
44Figure 1.10
45Cardiac Impulse
- Figure 1.11 (next slide)
- Transmission of the cardiac impulse through the
heart, showing the time of appearance (in
fractionsof a second) of the impulse in
different parts of the heart
46Figure 1.11
47Cardiovascular System
- Heart
- Electrocardiogram
- Recorded at the surface of the body
- A graphic representation of the electrical
activity of the heart
48Electrocardiogram
- Figure 1.12 (next slide)
- Normal electrocardiogram
49Figure 1.12
50Cardiovascular System
- Blood Vessels
- Blood vessels operate in a closed-circuit system.
- The arterial system carries blood away from the
heart. - The venous system returns blood toward the heart.
51Distribution of Blood
- Figure 1.13 (next slide)
- The slide shows the arterial (right) and venous
(left) components of the circulatory system. - The percent values indicate the distribution of
blood volume throughout the circulatory system at
rest.
52Figure 1.13
53Cardiovascular System
- Blood Vessels
- Arteries
- Capillaries
- Veins
54Cardiovascular System
- Blood
- Hemoglobin transports oxygen and serves as an
acidbase buffer. - Red blood cells facilitate carbon dioxide removal.
55Key Point
- The cardiovascular system transports nutrients
and removes waste products while helping to
maintain the environment for all the bodys
functions. The blood transports oxygen from the
lungs to the tissues for use in cellular
metabolism, and it transports carbon dioxide from
the tissues to the lungs, where it is removed
from the body.
56Section Outline
- Respiratory System
- Exchange of Air
- Exchange of Respiratory Gases
57Respiratory System
- Figure 1.14 (next slide)
- Gross anatomy of the human respiratory system
58Figure 1.14
59Respiratory System
- Exchange of Air
- The amount and movement of air and expired gases
in and out of the lungs are controlled by
expansion and recoil of the lungs.
60Expiration and Inspiration
- Figure 1.15 (next slide)
- The slide shows contraction and expansion of the
thoracic cage during expiration and inspiration,
illustrating diaphragmatic contraction, elevation
of the rib cage, and function of the
intercostals. - The vertical and anteroposterior diameters
increase during inspiration.
61Figure 1.15
62Respiratory System
- Exchange of Respiratory Gases
- The primary function of the respiratory system is
the basic exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.