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Title: SPATIAL PLANNING AND ENERGY USE - CRITICAL CHOICES FOR MUNICIPALITIES


1
SPATIAL PLANNING AND ENERGYUSE - CRITICAL
CHOICES FORMUNICIPALITIES
  • .

2
20TH CENTURY INFLUENCES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF
OUR TOWNS AND REGIONS
  • INFLUENCES ON DEVELOPMENT
  • CHEAP FUEL PRICES
  • DOMINANCE OF THE MOTOR CAR AND EXPANSION OF THE
    SUBURBS
  • SEPARATION OF LAND USES THROUGH PLANNING
  • THE POLITICAL SEPARATION OF PEOPLE
  • RESULTS
  • MASSIVE MOVEMENT
  • EXCESSIVE ENERGY USE
  • HUMAN HARDSHIP, ESPECIALLY POORER PEOPLE
  • ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

3
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS HAVE DONE LITTLE TO REVERSE
20TH CENTURY TRENDS
THE MAGNITUDE AND TYPE OF URBAN ENERGY USE
CAPE TOWN EXAMPLE
FOSSIL FUELS DOMINATE
TRANSPORT DOMINATES
Source State of Energy Report for Cape Town 2003
4
INEFFICIENCIES FORCE CAR USE BUT NOT ALL CAN
AFFORD USE OF CAR ON WORK TRIP -SOUTH AFRICA 1997
Only 8 of poorest households use a car on a work
trip
Data source R. Behrens in Dewar, D.
Todeschini, F. 2003. Rethinking urban transport
after modernism lessons from South Africa.
Ashgate
5
THE CURRENT SITUATION END OF AN ERA
  • Fossil fuel use is reducing internationally,
    because of
  • Increasing scarcity
  • Need to reduce emissions
  • Need to reduce impact on climate.

6
WHAT IS REQUIRED MOBILIZE LOCALLY AVAILABLE
RENEWABLE ENERGY
  • There is a mandate for a shift to consumption of
    renewable energy.
  • It is technically possible for the KwaZulu-Natal
    to provide virtually all its liquid fuel
    requirements and become an exporter of
    electricity using only renewable sources of
    energy. Gandar, M.V. 1989. Integrated Energy
    Planning For Natal KwaZulu. Natal Town And
    Regional Planning Supplementary Report Volume 33

7
2. WHAT IS REQUIRED MORE ENERGY-EFFICIENT TOWNS
REGIONS
  • Spatial planning has a mandate to restructure
    inefficient towns and regions.
  • Therefore, municipalities need to reduce the
    built-in energy demand through spatial
    restructuring
  • Build pedestrian-friendly environments
  • Commit to efficient viable public transport
  • Build working local economies, therefore reducing
    need for unnecessary movement of people and goods.

8
HOW TO RESTRUCTURE
  • RECOGNIZE THAT THE TREND IS UNSUSTAINABLE
  • CREATE A MUNICIPAL PLAN FOR
  • SETTLEMENT GROWTH
  • MORE DENSE TOWNS AND CITIES
  • SPECIAL ATTENTION TO HOW THE MORE-DENSE
    SETTLEMENTS ARE MADE AND STRUCTURED
  • THEREFORE, MAKE THE FOLLOWING CRITICAL CHOICES

Source McHarg, I.L. 1969. Design with nature.
New York, Natural HistoryPress.
9
CRITICAL CHOICES
  • CRITICAL CHOICE 1
  • DECIDE WHERE SETTLEMENT GROWTH SHOULD AND SHOULD
    NOT GO IN THE MUNICIPALITY
  • CRITICAL CHOICE 2
  • ESTABLISH AND MAINTAIN A FIXED URBAN EDGE
  • CRITICAL CHOICE 3
  • INCREASE URBAN DENSITIES AT LEAST THREE TIMES
  • CRITICAL CHOICE 4
  • CREATE A WEB OF PEDESTRIAN-PUBLIC TRANSPORT
    MOVEMENT
  • CRITICAL CHOICE 5
  • REINFORCE THE MOVEMENT SYSTEM WITH A FAMILY OF
    PUBLIC SPACES
  • CRITICAL CHOICE 6
  • REINFORCE THE PUBLIC SPACES WITH SOCIAL
    INSTITUTIONS

10
CRITICAL CHOICE 1 DECIDE WHERE SETTLEMENT
GROWTH SHOULD AND SHOULD NOT GO
  • THE CURRENT TREND EXPANSIVE, LOW DENSITY SPRAWL
    OVER THE COUNTRYSIDE
  • THIS INVOLVES ALL FORMS LOW-INCOME RESIDENTIAL
    DEVELOPMENT, HIGH INCOME RESIDENTIAL, INFORMAL
    HOUSING RESIDENTIAL ESTATES
  • The following slides show this in the coastal
    areas of KwaZulu-Natal

11
Sprawling low-density settlement growth
12
..impossible to service economically with urban
infrastructure environmentally destructive
brutal to its inhabitants
13
Daily cost of public TP to commuter R/day
ETHEKWINI MUNICIPALITY Corporate Policy Unit
Development Planning Management
14
Housing Location
Financial sustainability dictates that more (
fully serviced) housing projects occur inside
urban edge AND more projects inside the Urban Core
ETHEKWINI MUNICIPALITY Corporate Policy Unit
Development Planning Management
15
4. Results Infrastructure costs in North
Source ETHEKWINI MUNICIPALITY Corporate Policy
Unit Development Planning Management
16
4. Results Infrastructure costs in North
Source ETHEKWINI MUNICIPALITY Corporate Policy
Unit Development Planning Management
17
Source ETHEKWINI MUNICIPALITY Corporate Policy
Unit Development Planning Management
18
4. Results Infrastructure costs in North
Source ETHEKWINI MUNICIPALITY Corporate Policy
Unit Development Planning Management
19
4. Results Infrastructure costs in North
Source ETHEKWINI MUNICIPALITY Corporate Policy
Unit Development Planning Management
20
LOSS OF AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES IN KZN
COMPARISON OF THE 1994 2000 CLASSIFICATIONS OF
LANDUSESource Natural Resources Section DAEA
21
What is the Trend in Conservation Status?
Source EZEMVELO KZN WILDLIFE
22
IT IS NECESSARY TO PLAN WHERE SETTLEMENT GROWTH
SHOULD AND SHOULD NOT GO
  • Not all places are the same - growth cannot go
    everywhere.
  • Therefore, draw up a plan for settlement growth
    in the municipality.

Source Natural Resources Section DAEA
23
WHAT THE LAND SUGGESTS - EXAMPLE OF THE KIND OF
ANALYSIS THAT PLANNERS MUST DO
Source McHarg, I.L. 1969. Design with nature.
New York, Natural History Press.
24
THE PLAN SHOULD SHOW URBAN, RURALAND WILD AREAS
  • Peoples environment comprises urban, rural and
    wild areas - to be full person, access to all is
    a basic human requirement.
  • This is also the basis of a diverse local
    economy.
  • Therefore, the plan shows the full range

25
THE URBAN PART FOLLOWS THE ROUTES OF PUBLIC
TRANSPORT BULK INFRASTRUCTURE
  • Urban development naturally tends to follow the
    lines of movement

The following examples show linear development of
the urban settlement along the movement routes
26
China Urban development follows the route in a
linear manner
Source Sinclair, K. et al. 1988. OVER CHINA.
Weidenfeld Nicolson.
27
China Settlements form beads-on-a-string
this energy efficient pattern is the most
efficient for provision of bulk services, social
facilities and public transport.
Source Sinclair, K. et al. 1988. OVER CHINA.
Weidenfeld Nicolson.
28
NEED FOR A CLEAR DISTINCTION BETWEEN URBAN AND
RURAL
  • A clear distinction
  • Allows decision on where urban services should
    and should not go
  • Shows where to place decentralized, off-grid
    services in rural areas e.g. stand-alone power
    generation, rural water supply
  • Conserves agricultural resources and
    biodiversity
  • Supports development of local agricultural
    economies tourism economies not undermined by
    urban sprawl.

29
Combined Bulk infrastructure Costs
ETHEKWINI MUNICIPALITY Corporate Policy Unit
Development Planning Management
30
Extension of the electricity network to
low-density settlements is economically
unsustainable will need to be supplemented
with off-grid options, such as solar
power (NSDP)
31
OVER TIME, OFF-GRID RURAL SERVICES MAY
INTEGRATE WITH URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE IF DESIRED
Source Miller, G. T. Living in the environment.
Brooks/Cole.
32
CRITICAL CHOICE 2 ESTABLISH AND MAINTAIN AN
URBAN EDGE
  • THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN URBAN AND RURAL MUST BE
    PRESERVED ON THE URBAN EDGE
  • THIS GIVES LOCAL ACCESS TO NATURE
  • CLOSE URBAN AND AGRICULTURAL LINKAGES
  • CONTAINS SPRAWL AND RELEASES URBAN POTENTIAL OF
    DENSE POPULATIONS
  • REMOVES CONFLICTS WITH NATIONAL POLICIES OVER
    AGRICULTURAL LAND AND ECOLOGICAL RESERVES

33
SHIFT AWAY FROM THIS..
34
..to urban containment and a clear urban edge
Source Tilleray B. Turpin, R.
undiscoveredfrance Cassell
35
WHAT SHOULD BE DONE
  • DEFINE AN URBAN EDGE THAT CONTAINS CITY SPREAD
  • PROTECT THE URBAN EDGE WITH A BAG OF REINFORCING
    POLICIES AND LEGISLATION (NATIONAL, PROVINCIAL
    AND LOCAL)
  • AN INTERNATIONAL EXAMPLE FOLLOWS IT SHOWS THE
    NEED FOR OVERLAPPING PROVISIONS

36
PREVENTING SPRAWL AN INTERNATIONAL EXAMPLE
Source Miller, G. T. Living in the environment.
Brooks/Cole.
37
CRITICAL CHOICE 3 INCREASE URBAN DENSITIES at
least THREE TIMES
  • DENSITY CONCERNS THE NUMBER OF DWELLING UNITS PER
    HECTARE
  • HIGHER DENSITIES ARE THE BASIS FOR
  • HIGH LEVELS OF URBAN OPPORTUNITIES
  • GREATER SUPPORT FOR SERVICES
  • LESS MOVEMENT TO REACH THE OPPORTUNITIES
  • MORE EFFICIENT PUBLIC TRANSPORT AND
  • LESS ENERGY USE.

38
WAYS OF INCREASING DENSITY
  • Increasing NUMBER OF DWELLING UNITS ON THE
    RESIDENTIAL LAND
  • REDUCING UNNECESSARY USE OF NON-RESIDENTIAL LAND
    BY
  • Planning for pedestrians
  • Reducing road widths
  • Using wasted space infill
  • Revising wasteful standards for facilities etc
  • Multi-functional use of facilities.

39
MOVE AWAY FROM THIS.
40
TO DENSITIES SIMILAR TO THIS MOROCCO EXAMPLE
Source National Geographic Magazine
41
QUALITY OF THE DENSE RESIDENTIAL CONDITION THE
URBAN COURT-YARD, MOROCCO
Source Gardens of delight the great Islamic
gardens edited by Christa von Hantelmann.
Koln,  DuMont Publishers.  2001.
42
A COURTYARD IN SPAIN
Source Cheneviere, A. 1997. THE MEDITERRANEAN.
VILO
43
TUNISIA, NORTH AFRICA
Source Cheneviere, A. 1997. THE MEDITERRANEAN.
VILO
44
Cyprus a modest residential space of high urban
quality..
Source Cheneviere, A. 1997. THE MEDITERRANEAN.
VILO
45
CHINA COURTYARDS OF AN AGRICULTURAL VILLAGE
Source Sinclair, K. et al. 1988. OVER CHINA.
Weidenfeld Nicolson.
46
WOODSTOCK, CAPE From 17 condemned units to
re-design of 126 NEW UNITS for ownership and 64
RENTED ROOMSSourceDewar, D. Uytenbogaard,
R.S. 1991. South African cities a manifesto for
change. Urban Problems Research Unit,UCT.
REMEDIAL ACTIONEXAMPLE OF RESIDENTIAL INFILL
47
REMEDIAL ACTION EXAMPLE OF RECLAIMING LAND FROM
EXCESSIVE ROAD RESERVES
Source City of Cape Town. 2000. Building an
equitable city Urban development principles for
the City of Cape Town.
48
THIS STREET IS ABOUT AS WIDE AS AN ACCESS
DRIVEWAY IN A KZN SCHEME
Source Tilleray B. Turpin, R.
undiscoveredfrance Cassell
49
STREET AS AN URBAN ROOM PAROS, GREECE
Source PAROS ANTIPAROS Toubis, Athens
50
This street is part of a regional hiking trail
in Nepal
51
Remedial action Growth of a street from a
single function road space to an urban room or
public space of many functions
Source City of Cape Town. 2000. Building an
equitable city Urban development principles for
the City of Cape Town.
52
CRITICAL CHOICE 4 CREATE A WEB OF PEDESTRIAN -
PUBLIC TRANSPORT MOVEMENT
A spatial concept, based on a movement system,
has a profound influence on the urban environment
Source City of Cape Town. 2000. Building an
equitable city Urban development principles for
the City of Cape Town.
53
STRUCTURING THE CITY POWER OF THE MOVEMENT
SYSTEM
  • Increased density is an essential step towards
    energy efficiency and releasing the benefits of
    urban life but alone, it is not enough.
  • How the city is made and structured profoundly
    affects this.
  • The key to this is
  • Creating a system of continuous routes to carry
    pedestrians and public transport
  • Putting development along these economic
    activities, social and commercial facilities

Over time, these routes become activity corridors
and life-supporting systems.
54
The existing concept of movement is one of
draining people, money and activity to distant
elsewhere's
55
SALT RIVER WOODSTOCK, CAPE MOVEMENT
ROUTES ARE ACTIVITY ROUTES
Source Dewar, D., Uytenbogaardt, R.S. et al.
circa 1976. Housing A comparative evaluation of
urbanism in Cape Town. Dave Philip, Cape
56
SALT RIVER WOODSTOCK Mixed uses support
movement routes and visa versa denser
residential in close proximity
Source Dewar, D., Uytenbogaardt, R.S. et al.
circa 1976. Housing A comparative evaluation of
urbanism in Cape Town. David Philip, Cape
57
SALT RIVER WOODSTOCK RESIDENTIAL DWELLINGS
OFF THE ACTIVITY ROUTES
Source Dewar, D., Uytenbogaardt, R.S. et al.
circa 1976. Housing A comparative evaluation of
urbanism in Cape Town. Dave Philip, Cape
58
A SYSTEM DOMINANTLY PEDESTRIAN ORGANIZES
ACTIVITIES IN SPACE,KATHMANDU
59
KATHMANDU, NEPAL
60
Source City of Cape Town. 2000. Building an
equitable city Urban development principles for
the City of Cape Town.
61
EXAMPLE OF REMEDIAL ACTION
DEVELOPMENT OF AN ACTIVITY ROUTE OVER TIME
Source City of Cape Town MUNICIPAL SPATIAL
DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK draft 1999
62
REMEDIAL ACTION EXAMPLE OF SUPPORTING THE
DEVELOPMENT OF AN ACTIVITY ROUTE
Source City of Cape Town. 2000. Building an
equitable city Urban development principles for
the City of Cape Town.
63
CRITICAL CHOICE 5 REINFORCE THE MOVEMENT SYSTEM
WITH A FAMILY OF PUBLIC SPACES
Photo Natalie Astrup
64
WHY PUBLIC SPACES ARE IMPORTANT
  • Local economies happen in public places
  • For poorer people, all of life cannot be lived in
    the private dwelling
  • These places house the main social institutions
    of the time
  • They are the primary elements that affect the
    quality of towns as experienced by people.

65
IS THIS SUPPORTING A VIBRANT LOCAL ECONOMY?....
66
OR IS THIS?
67
MOST SQUARES ARE NOT VERY BIG
68
NOT ALL ARE INTENSELY BUSY
Source Tilleray B. Turpin, R.
undiscoveredfrance Cassell
69
SQUARES ARE ON A HUMAN SCALE
Source Tilleray B. Turpin, R.
undiscoveredfrance Cassell
70
PERIODICALLY, INTENSIVELY ACTIVE
Drying grain Bhaktapur, Nepal Source GEO
SPECIAL THE HIMALAYAS
71
KATHMANDU, NEPAL STREET AS PUBLIC SPACE
72
THE CITYS BACKBONE A COLLECTION OF SPACES AND
PUBLIC FACILITIES ALONG THE MOVEMENT ROUTE
VENICE, ITALY
ISFAHAN, IRAN
MARIANNHILL PLAN COMMISSIONED BY PROVINCE OF
KWAZULU-NATAL
Source Dewar, D. Uytenbogaard, R.S. 1991.
South African cities a manifesto for change.
Urban Problems Research Unit,UCT.
73
CRITICAL CHOICE 6 REINFORCE THE PUBLIC SPACES
WITH SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Source Rudofsky, B. 1969. Streets for People.
Anchor Press/Doubleday
74
What defines public spaces?
  • Locate public facilities and social services
    around public spaces along the movement channels
  • Thus, the public spaces celebrate the facilities
    and
  • The facilities are used to give a sense of scale,
    definition and enclosure to the space.
  • The following slide talks of the types of
    services at the different levels of activity

75
EXAMPLE FROM CITY OF CAPE TOWN MUNICIPAL SDF
76
SOCIAL FACILITIES OF DIFFERENT ORDERS
Source City of Cape Town. 2000. Building an
equitable city Urban development principles for
the City of Cape Town.
77
PULLING IT TOGETHER MOVEMENT, PUBLIC SPACES
AND PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS
Source City of Cape Town. 2000. Building an
equitable city Urban development principles for
the City of Cape Town.
78
DEVELOPMENT OF A FULLY FUNCTIONAL SQUARE
Source City of Cape Town. 2000. Building an
equitable city Urban development principles for
the City of Cape Town.
79
MARRAKECH AT NIGHT A FULLY FUNCTIONAL SQUARE
Source National Geographic Magazine
80
A NUMBER OF THESE PRINCIPLES ARE EVIDENT IN
ASSISSI, ITALY
Source Quilici, F. 1994. Italy from the air.
Artus Books.
81
CONCLUSIONS ON UNSUSTAINABLE CURRENT TRENDS
  • Breakdown of the qualities that made the areas
    desirable in the first place
  • Extensive ecological damage and reducing
    sustainability of household livelihoods
  • Reduced chances for households - settlement
    patterns fail to yield benefits of either urban
    or rural living - local urban or rural economies
    struggle to develop
  • A highly inefficient settlement pattern for
    provision of utility social services
  • Viable public transportation never really takes
    root
  • Often the poorest are worst off than ever before
  • Longer-term options for improvement are lost
  • Propped up by increasing use of more expensive
    energy.

82
IF WE GET THIS RIGHT.
  • Opportunities, activities experiences in the
    municipality will become accessible to
    pedestrians and public transport users, and
    benefiting all.
  • A viable basis will be provided for delivery of
    utility social services, and for efficient
    public transportation.
  • Clear policies on use of the land will
  • Contain impact on resources, preventing conflicts
    with national resource policies
  • reduce demands on scarce capacity in development
    administration
  • improve confidence through clear messages to
    developers
  • provide a stable basis for development of rural
    economies and
  • enhance the unique character the sense of place
    - of our municipalities for benefit of residents
    and tourists alike.
  • A sound basis for local economies of our urban
    areas will be established.
  • The need to deal with increasingly-scarce fossil
    fuels - therefore the need for energy
    efficiency use of renewables -will become
    manageable.

Source Quilici, F. 1994. Italy from the air.
Artus Books.
83
AN AWESOME RESPONSIBLITY
  • On behalf of our government I would therefore
    like to use this important landmark in our
    national life to repeat the appeal made by
    Nelson Mandela 12 years ago, that together we
    mustseize the time to define forourselves what
    we want to make of our shared destiny.
  • State of the Nation Address of the President of
    South Africa, Thabo Mbeki Joint Sitting of
    Parliament 3 February 2006
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