SPATIAL PLANNING AND ENERGY USE - CRITICAL CHOICES FOR MUNICIPALITIES

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SPATIAL PLANNING AND ENERGYUSE - CRITICAL
CHOICES FORMUNICIPALITIES

• .

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20TH CENTURY INFLUENCES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF
OUR TOWNS AND REGIONS

• INFLUENCES ON DEVELOPMENT
• CHEAP FUEL PRICES
• DOMINANCE OF THE MOTOR CAR AND EXPANSION OF THE
  SUBURBS
• SEPARATION OF LAND USES THROUGH PLANNING
• THE POLITICAL SEPARATION OF PEOPLE
• RESULTS
• MASSIVE MOVEMENT
• EXCESSIVE ENERGY USE
• HUMAN HARDSHIP, ESPECIALLY POORER PEOPLE
• ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

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RECENT DEVELOPMENTS HAVE DONE LITTLE TO REVERSE
20TH CENTURY TRENDS
THE MAGNITUDE AND TYPE OF URBAN ENERGY USE
CAPE TOWN EXAMPLE
FOSSIL FUELS DOMINATE
TRANSPORT DOMINATES
Source State of Energy Report for Cape Town 2003
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INEFFICIENCIES FORCE CAR USE BUT NOT ALL CAN
AFFORD USE OF CAR ON WORK TRIP -SOUTH AFRICA 1997
Only 8 of poorest households use a car on a work
trip
Data source R. Behrens in Dewar, D.
Todeschini, F. 2003. Rethinking urban transport
after modernism lessons from South Africa.
Ashgate
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THE CURRENT SITUATION END OF AN ERA

• Fossil fuel use is reducing internationally,
  because of
• Increasing scarcity
• Need to reduce emissions
• Need to reduce impact on climate.

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WHAT IS REQUIRED MOBILIZE LOCALLY AVAILABLE
RENEWABLE ENERGY

• There is a mandate for a shift to consumption of
  renewable energy.
• It is technically possible for the KwaZulu-Natal
  to provide virtually all its liquid fuel
  requirements and become an exporter of
  electricity using only renewable sources of
  energy. Gandar, M.V. 1989. Integrated Energy
  Planning For Natal KwaZulu. Natal Town And
  Regional Planning Supplementary Report Volume 33

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2. WHAT IS REQUIRED MORE ENERGY-EFFICIENT TOWNS
REGIONS

• Spatial planning has a mandate to restructure
  inefficient towns and regions.
• Therefore, municipalities need to reduce the
  built-in energy demand through spatial
  restructuring
• Build pedestrian-friendly environments
• Commit to efficient viable public transport
• Build working local economies, therefore reducing
  need for unnecessary movement of people and goods.

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HOW TO RESTRUCTURE

• RECOGNIZE THAT THE TREND IS UNSUSTAINABLE
• CREATE A MUNICIPAL PLAN FOR
• SETTLEMENT GROWTH
• MORE DENSE TOWNS AND CITIES
• SPECIAL ATTENTION TO HOW THE MORE-DENSE
  SETTLEMENTS ARE MADE AND STRUCTURED
• THEREFORE, MAKE THE FOLLOWING CRITICAL CHOICES

Source McHarg, I.L. 1969. Design with nature.
New York, Natural HistoryPress.
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CRITICAL CHOICES

• CRITICAL CHOICE 1
• DECIDE WHERE SETTLEMENT GROWTH SHOULD AND SHOULD
  NOT GO IN THE MUNICIPALITY
• CRITICAL CHOICE 2
• ESTABLISH AND MAINTAIN A FIXED URBAN EDGE
• CRITICAL CHOICE 3
• INCREASE URBAN DENSITIES AT LEAST THREE TIMES
• CRITICAL CHOICE 4
• CREATE A WEB OF PEDESTRIAN-PUBLIC TRANSPORT
  MOVEMENT
• CRITICAL CHOICE 5
• REINFORCE THE MOVEMENT SYSTEM WITH A FAMILY OF
  PUBLIC SPACES
• CRITICAL CHOICE 6
• REINFORCE THE PUBLIC SPACES WITH SOCIAL
  INSTITUTIONS

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CRITICAL CHOICE 1 DECIDE WHERE SETTLEMENT
GROWTH SHOULD AND SHOULD NOT GO

• THE CURRENT TREND EXPANSIVE, LOW DENSITY SPRAWL
  OVER THE COUNTRYSIDE
• THIS INVOLVES ALL FORMS LOW-INCOME RESIDENTIAL
  DEVELOPMENT, HIGH INCOME RESIDENTIAL, INFORMAL
  HOUSING RESIDENTIAL ESTATES
• The following slides show this in the coastal
  areas of KwaZulu-Natal

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Sprawling low-density settlement growth
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..impossible to service economically with urban
infrastructure environmentally destructive
brutal to its inhabitants
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Daily cost of public TP to commuter R/day
ETHEKWINI MUNICIPALITY Corporate Policy Unit
Development Planning Management
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Housing Location
Financial sustainability dictates that more (
fully serviced) housing projects occur inside
urban edge AND more projects inside the Urban Core
ETHEKWINI MUNICIPALITY Corporate Policy Unit
Development Planning Management
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4. Results Infrastructure costs in North
Source ETHEKWINI MUNICIPALITY Corporate Policy
Unit Development Planning Management
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4. Results Infrastructure costs in North
Source ETHEKWINI MUNICIPALITY Corporate Policy
Unit Development Planning Management
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Source ETHEKWINI MUNICIPALITY Corporate Policy
Unit Development Planning Management
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4. Results Infrastructure costs in North
Source ETHEKWINI MUNICIPALITY Corporate Policy
Unit Development Planning Management
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4. Results Infrastructure costs in North
Source ETHEKWINI MUNICIPALITY Corporate Policy
Unit Development Planning Management
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LOSS OF AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES IN KZN
COMPARISON OF THE 1994 2000 CLASSIFICATIONS OF
LANDUSESource Natural Resources Section DAEA
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What is the Trend in Conservation Status?
Source EZEMVELO KZN WILDLIFE
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IT IS NECESSARY TO PLAN WHERE SETTLEMENT GROWTH
SHOULD AND SHOULD NOT GO

• Not all places are the same - growth cannot go
  everywhere.
• Therefore, draw up a plan for settlement growth
  in the municipality.

Source Natural Resources Section DAEA
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WHAT THE LAND SUGGESTS - EXAMPLE OF THE KIND OF
ANALYSIS THAT PLANNERS MUST DO
Source McHarg, I.L. 1969. Design with nature.
New York, Natural History Press.
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THE PLAN SHOULD SHOW URBAN, RURALAND WILD AREAS

• Peoples environment comprises urban, rural and
  wild areas - to be full person, access to all is
  a basic human requirement.
• This is also the basis of a diverse local
  economy.
• Therefore, the plan shows the full range

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THE URBAN PART FOLLOWS THE ROUTES OF PUBLIC
TRANSPORT BULK INFRASTRUCTURE

• Urban development naturally tends to follow the
  lines of movement

The following examples show linear development of
the urban settlement along the movement routes
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China Urban development follows the route in a
linear manner
Source Sinclair, K. et al. 1988. OVER CHINA.
Weidenfeld Nicolson.
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China Settlements form beads-on-a-string
this energy efficient pattern is the most
efficient for provision of bulk services, social
facilities and public transport.
Source Sinclair, K. et al. 1988. OVER CHINA.
Weidenfeld Nicolson.
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NEED FOR A CLEAR DISTINCTION BETWEEN URBAN AND
RURAL

• A clear distinction
• Allows decision on where urban services should
  and should not go
• Shows where to place decentralized, off-grid
  services in rural areas e.g. stand-alone power
  generation, rural water supply
• Conserves agricultural resources and
  biodiversity
• Supports development of local agricultural
  economies tourism economies not undermined by
  urban sprawl.

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Combined Bulk infrastructure Costs
ETHEKWINI MUNICIPALITY Corporate Policy Unit
Development Planning Management
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Extension of the electricity network to
low-density settlements is economically
unsustainable will need to be supplemented
with off-grid options, such as solar
power (NSDP)
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OVER TIME, OFF-GRID RURAL SERVICES MAY
INTEGRATE WITH URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE IF DESIRED
Source Miller, G. T. Living in the environment.
Brooks/Cole.
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CRITICAL CHOICE 2 ESTABLISH AND MAINTAIN AN
URBAN EDGE

• THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN URBAN AND RURAL MUST BE
  PRESERVED ON THE URBAN EDGE
• THIS GIVES LOCAL ACCESS TO NATURE
• CLOSE URBAN AND AGRICULTURAL LINKAGES
• CONTAINS SPRAWL AND RELEASES URBAN POTENTIAL OF
  DENSE POPULATIONS
• REMOVES CONFLICTS WITH NATIONAL POLICIES OVER
  AGRICULTURAL LAND AND ECOLOGICAL RESERVES

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SHIFT AWAY FROM THIS..
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..to urban containment and a clear urban edge
Source Tilleray B. Turpin, R.
undiscoveredfrance Cassell
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WHAT SHOULD BE DONE

• DEFINE AN URBAN EDGE THAT CONTAINS CITY SPREAD
• PROTECT THE URBAN EDGE WITH A BAG OF REINFORCING
  POLICIES AND LEGISLATION (NATIONAL, PROVINCIAL
  AND LOCAL)
• AN INTERNATIONAL EXAMPLE FOLLOWS IT SHOWS THE
  NEED FOR OVERLAPPING PROVISIONS

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PREVENTING SPRAWL AN INTERNATIONAL EXAMPLE
Source Miller, G. T. Living in the environment.
Brooks/Cole.
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CRITICAL CHOICE 3 INCREASE URBAN DENSITIES at
least THREE TIMES

• DENSITY CONCERNS THE NUMBER OF DWELLING UNITS PER
  HECTARE
• HIGHER DENSITIES ARE THE BASIS FOR
• HIGH LEVELS OF URBAN OPPORTUNITIES
• GREATER SUPPORT FOR SERVICES
• LESS MOVEMENT TO REACH THE OPPORTUNITIES
• MORE EFFICIENT PUBLIC TRANSPORT AND
• LESS ENERGY USE.

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WAYS OF INCREASING DENSITY

• Increasing NUMBER OF DWELLING UNITS ON THE
  RESIDENTIAL LAND
• REDUCING UNNECESSARY USE OF NON-RESIDENTIAL LAND
  BY
• Planning for pedestrians
• Reducing road widths
• Using wasted space infill
• Revising wasteful standards for facilities etc
• Multi-functional use of facilities.

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MOVE AWAY FROM THIS.
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TO DENSITIES SIMILAR TO THIS MOROCCO EXAMPLE
Source National Geographic Magazine
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QUALITY OF THE DENSE RESIDENTIAL CONDITION THE
URBAN COURT-YARD, MOROCCO
Source Gardens of delight the great Islamic
gardens edited by Christa von Hantelmann.
Koln,  DuMont Publishers.  2001.
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A COURTYARD IN SPAIN
Source Cheneviere, A. 1997. THE MEDITERRANEAN.
VILO
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TUNISIA, NORTH AFRICA
Source Cheneviere, A. 1997. THE MEDITERRANEAN.
VILO
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Cyprus a modest residential space of high urban
quality..
Source Cheneviere, A. 1997. THE MEDITERRANEAN.
VILO
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CHINA COURTYARDS OF AN AGRICULTURAL VILLAGE
Source Sinclair, K. et al. 1988. OVER CHINA.
Weidenfeld Nicolson.
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WOODSTOCK, CAPE From 17 condemned units to
re-design of 126 NEW UNITS for ownership and 64
RENTED ROOMSSourceDewar, D. Uytenbogaard,
R.S. 1991. South African cities a manifesto for
change. Urban Problems Research Unit,UCT.
REMEDIAL ACTIONEXAMPLE OF RESIDENTIAL INFILL
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REMEDIAL ACTION EXAMPLE OF RECLAIMING LAND FROM
EXCESSIVE ROAD RESERVES
Source City of Cape Town. 2000. Building an
equitable city Urban development principles for
the City of Cape Town.
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THIS STREET IS ABOUT AS WIDE AS AN ACCESS
DRIVEWAY IN A KZN SCHEME
Source Tilleray B. Turpin, R.
undiscoveredfrance Cassell
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STREET AS AN URBAN ROOM PAROS, GREECE
Source PAROS ANTIPAROS Toubis, Athens
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This street is part of a regional hiking trail
in Nepal
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Remedial action Growth of a street from a
single function road space to an urban room or
public space of many functions
Source City of Cape Town. 2000. Building an
equitable city Urban development principles for
the City of Cape Town.
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CRITICAL CHOICE 4 CREATE A WEB OF PEDESTRIAN -
PUBLIC TRANSPORT MOVEMENT
A spatial concept, based on a movement system,
has a profound influence on the urban environment
Source City of Cape Town. 2000. Building an
equitable city Urban development principles for
the City of Cape Town.
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STRUCTURING THE CITY POWER OF THE MOVEMENT
SYSTEM

• Increased density is an essential step towards
  energy efficiency and releasing the benefits of
  urban life but alone, it is not enough.
• How the city is made and structured profoundly
  affects this.
• The key to this is
• Creating a system of continuous routes to carry
  pedestrians and public transport
• Putting development along these economic
  activities, social and commercial facilities

Over time, these routes become activity corridors
and life-supporting systems.
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The existing concept of movement is one of
draining people, money and activity to distant
elsewhere's
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SALT RIVER WOODSTOCK, CAPE MOVEMENT
ROUTES ARE ACTIVITY ROUTES
Source Dewar, D., Uytenbogaardt, R.S. et al.
circa 1976. Housing A comparative evaluation of
urbanism in Cape Town. Dave Philip, Cape
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SALT RIVER WOODSTOCK Mixed uses support
movement routes and visa versa denser
residential in close proximity
Source Dewar, D., Uytenbogaardt, R.S. et al.
circa 1976. Housing A comparative evaluation of
urbanism in Cape Town. David Philip, Cape
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SALT RIVER WOODSTOCK RESIDENTIAL DWELLINGS
OFF THE ACTIVITY ROUTES
Source Dewar, D., Uytenbogaardt, R.S. et al.
circa 1976. Housing A comparative evaluation of
urbanism in Cape Town. Dave Philip, Cape
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A SYSTEM DOMINANTLY PEDESTRIAN ORGANIZES
ACTIVITIES IN SPACE,KATHMANDU
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KATHMANDU, NEPAL
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Source City of Cape Town. 2000. Building an
equitable city Urban development principles for
the City of Cape Town.
61
EXAMPLE OF REMEDIAL ACTION
DEVELOPMENT OF AN ACTIVITY ROUTE OVER TIME
Source City of Cape Town MUNICIPAL SPATIAL
DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK draft 1999
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REMEDIAL ACTION EXAMPLE OF SUPPORTING THE
DEVELOPMENT OF AN ACTIVITY ROUTE
Source City of Cape Town. 2000. Building an
equitable city Urban development principles for
the City of Cape Town.
63
CRITICAL CHOICE 5 REINFORCE THE MOVEMENT SYSTEM
WITH A FAMILY OF PUBLIC SPACES
Photo Natalie Astrup
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WHY PUBLIC SPACES ARE IMPORTANT

• Local economies happen in public places
• For poorer people, all of life cannot be lived in
  the private dwelling
• These places house the main social institutions
  of the time
• They are the primary elements that affect the
  quality of towns as experienced by people.

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IS THIS SUPPORTING A VIBRANT LOCAL ECONOMY?....
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OR IS THIS?
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MOST SQUARES ARE NOT VERY BIG
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NOT ALL ARE INTENSELY BUSY
Source Tilleray B. Turpin, R.
undiscoveredfrance Cassell
69
SQUARES ARE ON A HUMAN SCALE
Source Tilleray B. Turpin, R.
undiscoveredfrance Cassell
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PERIODICALLY, INTENSIVELY ACTIVE
Drying grain Bhaktapur, Nepal Source GEO
SPECIAL THE HIMALAYAS
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KATHMANDU, NEPAL STREET AS PUBLIC SPACE
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THE CITYS BACKBONE A COLLECTION OF SPACES AND
PUBLIC FACILITIES ALONG THE MOVEMENT ROUTE
VENICE, ITALY
ISFAHAN, IRAN
MARIANNHILL PLAN COMMISSIONED BY PROVINCE OF
KWAZULU-NATAL
Source Dewar, D. Uytenbogaard, R.S. 1991.
South African cities a manifesto for change.
Urban Problems Research Unit,UCT.
73
CRITICAL CHOICE 6 REINFORCE THE PUBLIC SPACES
WITH SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Source Rudofsky, B. 1969. Streets for People.
Anchor Press/Doubleday
74
What defines public spaces?

• Locate public facilities and social services
  around public spaces along the movement channels
• Thus, the public spaces celebrate the facilities
  and
• The facilities are used to give a sense of scale,
  definition and enclosure to the space.
• The following slide talks of the types of
  services at the different levels of activity

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EXAMPLE FROM CITY OF CAPE TOWN MUNICIPAL SDF
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SOCIAL FACILITIES OF DIFFERENT ORDERS
Source City of Cape Town. 2000. Building an
equitable city Urban development principles for
the City of Cape Town.
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PULLING IT TOGETHER MOVEMENT, PUBLIC SPACES
AND PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS
Source City of Cape Town. 2000. Building an
equitable city Urban development principles for
the City of Cape Town.
78
DEVELOPMENT OF A FULLY FUNCTIONAL SQUARE
Source City of Cape Town. 2000. Building an
equitable city Urban development principles for
the City of Cape Town.
79
MARRAKECH AT NIGHT A FULLY FUNCTIONAL SQUARE
Source National Geographic Magazine
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A NUMBER OF THESE PRINCIPLES ARE EVIDENT IN
ASSISSI, ITALY
Source Quilici, F. 1994. Italy from the air.
Artus Books.
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CONCLUSIONS ON UNSUSTAINABLE CURRENT TRENDS

• Breakdown of the qualities that made the areas
  desirable in the first place
• Extensive ecological damage and reducing
  sustainability of household livelihoods
• Reduced chances for households - settlement
  patterns fail to yield benefits of either urban
  or rural living - local urban or rural economies
  struggle to develop
• A highly inefficient settlement pattern for
  provision of utility social services
• Viable public transportation never really takes
  root
• Often the poorest are worst off than ever before
• Longer-term options for improvement are lost
• Propped up by increasing use of more expensive
  energy.

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IF WE GET THIS RIGHT.

• Opportunities, activities experiences in the
  municipality will become accessible to
  pedestrians and public transport users, and
  benefiting all.
• A viable basis will be provided for delivery of
  utility social services, and for efficient
  public transportation.
• Clear policies on use of the land will
• Contain impact on resources, preventing conflicts
  with national resource policies
• reduce demands on scarce capacity in development
  administration
• improve confidence through clear messages to
  developers
• provide a stable basis for development of rural
  economies and
• enhance the unique character the sense of place
  - of our municipalities for benefit of residents
  and tourists alike.
• A sound basis for local economies of our urban
  areas will be established.
• The need to deal with increasingly-scarce fossil
  fuels - therefore the need for energy
  efficiency use of renewables -will become
  manageable.

Source Quilici, F. 1994. Italy from the air.
Artus Books.
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AN AWESOME RESPONSIBLITY

• On behalf of our government I would therefore
  like to use this important landmark in our
  national life to repeat the appeal made by
  Nelson Mandela 12 years ago, that together we
  mustseize the time to define forourselves what
  we want to make of our shared destiny.
• State of the Nation Address of the President of
  South Africa, Thabo Mbeki Joint Sitting of
  Parliament 3 February 2006