Certification Criteria Supporting RNAV Approach Operations in ECAC

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Certification Criteria Supporting RNAV Approach
Operations in ECAC

• Geoff Burtenshaw, Safety Regulation Group - U.K.
  CAA

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Presentation Overview

• Today
• Problems with todays non-precision approach
  operations
• Safety initiatives
• Tomorrow
• The environment
• Regulatory actions
• Changes to JAR-OPS 1 Subpart E
• RNAV Approach Operations, TGL XY
• RNP-RNAV Approach Operations, TGL XZ

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Presentation Overview cont.

• The Future
• Within ECAC
• International developments Annex 6, RNP
• A common set of objectives
• Issues
• Implementation
• Terminology
• Possible solutions
• Re-categorisation of All Weather Operations
• Grouping of RNP capabilities
• Summary

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Evolution of Approach Types
Today
VOR
ILS
LOC
NDB
VOR-DME
LOC-DME
SDF
LDA
BCRS
VOR on Arpt
NDB-DME
VOR-ARC
NDB-NDB
NDB on Arpt
RNAV 2-D
SRA
RNAV 3-D
Discrete
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Problems with Todays Non-Precision Approach
Operations

• Accuracy dependent upon the underlying navaid
• Constructed and flown with Dive and Drive
  philosophy
• Can lead to de-stabilised approaches
• Procedures have become outdated
• Too many types
• Flight crew recency
• Cost of training for multiple procedure types
• Equipment maintenance costs and restricted
  capacity of navigation database

6
Safety Initiatives

• Joint Safety Strategy Initiative (JSSI)
• CFIT, Approach and Landing
• Commercial Aviation Safety Team (CAST)
• Implementation plan for 21st Century Instrument
  Approaches
• RNAV and GNSS are the technology enablers for
  safer operations
• Adding to the proliferation of approach types
• Rationalisation required

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Evolution of Approach Types
Today
Tomorrow
VOR
ILS
LOC
NDB
VOR-DME
LOC-DME
SDF
LDA
BCRS
ILS/MLS/GLS (xLS)
VOR on Arpt
NDB-DME
Overlay with CDFA
VOR-ARC
NDB-NDB
RNAV
RNP-RNAV
NDB on Arpt
RNAV 2-D
SRA
RNAV 3-D
Discrete
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Tomorrow's Environment

• Non-precision approaches are not going to
  disappear overnight
• But they can be made safer
• Continuous Descent Final Approach (CDFA) as an
  overlay on existing non-precision approaches
• New instrument approach procedure types based
  around
• RNAV principles
• RNP-RNAV principles
• Progressive rationalisation of procedure types

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Regulatory Actions

• JAA working on 2 fronts
• Changes to JAR-OPS 1 Subpart E
• Under revision to take into account harmonised
  Aerodrome Operating Minima
• New approach concepts introduced
• Two new Temporary Guidance Leaflets
• RNAV Approach Operations, TGL XY
• RNP-RNAV Approach Operations, TGL XZ

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JAR-OPS 1.435 and ACJ OPS 1.430

• Continuous Descent Final Approach (CDFA) An
  approach with a predetermined approach slope that
  enables a continuous descent to MDA(H) or DA(H).
  The approach is flown as a stabilised approach to
  MDA(H) or DA(H) upon which the decision to land
  or go-around is made.
• Stabilised Approach An approach which is flown
  in a stabilised manner in terms of configuration,
  energy and control of the flight path

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New Temporary Guidance Leaflets (TGLs)

• Building on existing guidance material
• ACJ 20X4 for Basic RNAV
• TGL No. 10 for Precision RNAV
• Contains both airworthiness and operational
  criteria
• Completes family of JAA RNAV guidance leaflets
  from departure to final approach
• Guidance on use of GPS for approach operations
  (formerly contained within TGL No. 3) superseded
  by RNAV Approach TGL

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JAA Criteria Supporting RNAV and Category I, II,
III Operations
JAR-AWO and JAR-OPS 1
TGL No. XY
ACJ 20X9 RNP 10 Operations
TGL No. 10
RNAV Approach
Precision RNAV (P-RNAV)
Category II, III and Takeoff Operations
and
En-route (in designated airspace) Standard
Instrument Departures (SID)Standard Terminal
Arrival Routes (STAR)Initial Approach and
Intermediate Approach to FAWP
TGL No. XZ RNP-RNAV Approach Based on DME/DME,
B-GNSS S-BAS sensors and LNAV, LNAV-VNAV
guidance
ACJ 20X4
JAR-AWOSubpart 1 - Automatic Landing System
Subpart 2 - Category II
ILS/MLSSubpart 3 - Category III ILS/MLSSubpart
4 - Take-off in Low VisibilityHUD Information
Leaflets
formerly
TGL No. 2Rev 1
Basic RNAV(B-RNAV)
Oceanic RNP 10 and En-route
JAR-OPS 1Subpart E - All Weather Operations
DescentRNP 1
ClimbRNP 1
FAWP
ApproachRNP.5
RNP.3
TakeoffRNP .3
LOW VIS T.O.
RVR lt200m
DH 100
DH 200
Note xLS encompasses ILS, MLS and GLS
CAT III
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Common Structure Between TGLs XY and XZ

• Assumptions
• DME/DME, Basic GNSS or SBAS
• System description
• LNAV or LNAV/VNAV
• Airworthiness approval objectives for
• accuracy, integrity, continuity of function
• Functional criteria
• Acceptable means of compliance

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Common Structure Between TGLs XY and XZ

• Aircraft Flight Manual
• Operational criteria
• Normal, abnormal procedures
• Reportable events
• Flight crew training
• Navigation database integrity
• Documentation
• Fleet approvals

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Specific Features of TGL XY

• Scope
• Plain vanilla RNAV procedures
• Applicability
• Includes stand-alone GPS/map equipments and FMS
  without RNP-RNAV functionality
• Accuracy determined by sensor updating, but
  typically /- 0.3 NM laterally
• Vertical accuracy consistent with performance of
  Baro VNAV

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Specific Features of TGL XY

• Operational integrity applied as an alleviation
  of safety objective from Extremely Remote to
  Remote
• Taking into account the safety contribution from
  flight crew procedures, IAP design etc.
• Vertical integrity introduced
• Limited set of functional criteria
• Reliance on existing installation advisory
  material for demonstration of compliance

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Specific Features of TGL XZ

• Scope
• To support RNP 0.3 RNAV approvals but also
  airworthiness demonstration for lt 0.3 NM
• Special aircraft and aircrew authorisation
  requirements not identified
• Applicability
• RNP-RNAV compliant systems (MASPS
  ED-75()/DO-236()
• Description of RNP and RNP-RNAV

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RNP-RNAV Concept (Total System)
RNP-RNAV system provides

• 10-5 /2xRNP assurance of
• navigation performance,
• as a tool to facilitate safety
• assessments for separation
• and obstacle clearance

• 95 performance accuracy

• 10-4 continuity of RNP
• capability for an RNP type
• Situation information,
• flight planning capabilities,
• checks/alerts to minimise
• exposure to manual errors

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Specific Features of TGL XZ

• Traditional 1309 integrity assessment plus
  operational integrity, augmented with an
  assessment of system performance assurance
  (containment integrity)
• Containment continuity
• Baro VNAV performance
• MASPS functional criteria
• Operational criteria very similar to RNAV
  approach TGL XY except for RNP specific items on
  the flight deck e.g. display of Estimated
  Position Uncertainty (EPU)

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Specific Features of TGL XZ

• Annexes containing
• Operational issues
• Training and crew qualification issues
• Further background material on RNP
• RNP-RNAV lt 0.3 NM
• Guidance material for assessment of flight
  technical error for RNP
• Stabilised approach criteria to allow a
  continuous descent final approach to be flown

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TGL Status

• Preliminary Draft of TGL XZ (RNP-RNAV)
  distributed at TARA/25 and to members of the JAA
  AWO Steering Group
• Formal distribution end of November/early
  December
• TGL XY available early 2004

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Evolution of Approach Types
Today
Tomorrow
The Future
VOR
ILS
LOC
NDB
VOR-DME
LOC-DME
SDF
LDA
BCRS
ILS/MLS/GLS (xLS)
VOR on Arpt
NDB-DME
xLS, RNP, RNP-RNAV
Overlay with CDFA
VOR-ARC
NDB-NDB
RNAV
RNP-RNAV
NDB on Arpt
RNAV 2-D
SRA
RNAV 3-D
Discrete
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The Future

• Within ECAC a 4-D RNP-RNAV environment plus
  precision landing systems using xLS (ILS/MLS/GLS)
• Regulatory actions described thus far are largely
  in response to an ECAC Navigation Strategy and
  Implementation Plan
• But what are ICAO regions planning?
• Harmonisation?
• The issues
• Some possible solutions

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International Developments

• ICAO Annex 6 approach classifications
• Non-precision approach and landing operations
• Approach and landing operations with vertical
  guidance (APV)
• Precision approach and landing operations
• JAA TGLs XY and XZ are consistent with APV
  concept
• But other service provider terms are emerging
• APV I, APV II, LPV

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Required Navigation Performance

• Term is imprecisely used
• 95 accuracy?
• Functional requirements?
• RNP-RNAV definition (including containment)?
• Full MASPS compliance?
• Allowable derogations?

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A Common Set of Objectives

• Access for all
• Take advantage of a range of aircraft
  capabilities
• Get away from designing instrument procedures
  around technology/infrastructure
• Have a common schema for approach procedures
• Minimise the risk of human error in charting/
  phraseology a safety concern
• Move towards performance-based operations

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Issues

• We have global agreement on the concept, it is
  the implementation we are struggling with
• Terminology and definitions are big issues and
  need to harmonised
• Otherwise implementation becomes selective and
  regional and that is detrimental to a global /
  seamless airspace
• Costs would be prohibitive for the air carrier
  community
• Within a State have a co-ordinated implementation
  process across the various domains project
  management

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Possible Solutions (Categories of Approach)

• As discussed at the recent JAA/FAA AWO
  Harmonisation Working Group meeting
• Annex 6 terms NPA, APV and PA are outdated and
  dont have relevance in a future
  performance-based air traffic management system
• Technology is evolving too quickly
• The important points are
• Aircraft capability
• Level of minima that the infrastructure,
  procedure design and airport can support
• Essentially DA(H) and RVR

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Possible Solutions(Categories of Approach)

• Suggest suppressing Annex 6 terms, including APV
• Introduce sub-divisions within existing
  Categories of approach to reflect performance
  levels e.g. CAT I a, b, c, d
• Would include both non-precision and precision
• Divisions based around aircraft capability e.g.
  LNAV or LNAV and VNAV, DA(H) and RVR
• Not just in the CAT I arena, divisions of CAT II
  and CAT III could be made taking account of
  flight guidance augmentation e.g. HUD, EVS, SVS

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Possible Solutions (RNP)

• A homogeneous RNP fleet is unlikely
• Consider a number of discrete groupings
  reflecting aircraft capability from small GA to
  modern large air transport aircraft
• Groupings in terms of navigation and flight
  guidance
• Used in RNP based operations to ensure only
  appropriately qualified aircraft are allowed to
  fly the procedures
• Aid to understanding which aircraft can do what
• Simplify charting

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Summary

• The presentation has looked at approach
  operations in terms of Today, Tomorrow and
  The Future
• Safety concerns associated with existing dive and
  drive non-precision approaches are being
  addressed
• New JAA RNAV and RNP-RNAV Temporary Guidance
  Leaflets should enable rationalisation of
  approach types within ECAC

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Summary cont.

• Move to performance-based operations criteria
• Still issues surrounding terminology and
  definitions
• Harmonisation through ICAO, JAA, FAA etc. is
  essential
• ICAO requested to consider amending instrument
  approach and landing procedure classifications
• Introduce sub-divisions within existing
  operational categories

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Summary cont.

• Recognise that RNP may well exist in a number of
  guises
• Introduce groupings to reflect aircraft
  capability and then mapping to the procedures
• Ensure regional strategies and implementation
  plans take account of evolving standards and
  criteria

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RNAV in Terminal Airspace Workshop
Questions?
04-06 November 2003
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