Chapter One Historical Influences on the Evolution of Vocational Counseling

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Chapter OneHistorical Influences on the
Evolution of Vocational Counseling
Career Counseling Foundations,
Perspectives, and Applications edited by
David Capuzzi and Mark Stauffer

• David S. Shen-Miller
• Ellen Hawley McWhirter
• Anne S. Bartone

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Definitions

• Work
• Vocation
• Career

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Career 5 Tenets

• Individualism and autonomy
• Affluence
• An open structure of opportunity based on
  assumptions of merit
• Work as the central role in peoples lives
• Logical, linear, and progressive development of
  work and career
• (Gysbers, Heppner, Johnston, and Neville, 2003)

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Stage One The Beginning

• Middle 1800s to early 1900s
• Industrial Revolution
• Urbanization
• Labor unions grow in strength
• Unskilled labor
• Engineer Frederick Taylor
• Scientific management

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Stage One The Beginning

• Extreme conditions of the workplace
• Children in Labor
• Womens role in work
• Gender/race/class differences
• Protestant Work Ethic
• Social Darwinism

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Stage One The Beginning

• Two Social Reform Movements
• Progressive Movement
• Educational Reform Movement

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Stage One The Beginning

• Progressive Movement
• Womens suffrage
• Regulation of industry
• First child labor law 1908

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Stage One The Beginning

• Educational Reform Movement
• Mass entrance into schools
• Child saving movement
• Factory and corporate schools

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Stage One The Beginning

• The beginnings of vocational guidance
• Frank Parsons
• Vocation Bureau in Boston
• School-to-work transition
• Choosing a Vocation (1909)
• First vocational conference in Boston

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Stage One The Beginning

• The beginnings of vocational guidance
• 1913 National Vocational Guidance Association
  (NVGA)
• 1913 U.S. Department of Labor

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Stage One The Beginning

• The beginnings of vocational guidance
• Jesse Davis
• Guidance in the schools
• John Dewey (1916)
• Integration of two tracks
• college preparatory
• vocational education
• Diversity in education

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Stage Two Calls for Measurement, and Vocational
Guidance in the Schools (1914-1929)

• WWI and its aftermath
• Womens right to vote (1919)
• Automobiles, skyscrapers, and airplanes
• Large-scale immigration and legislation

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Stage Two (1914-1929)

• Vocational Instruments and Psychometrics
• Army Alpha and Army Beta tests
• Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery
• NVGAs Principles and Practices of Vocational
  Guidance

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Stage Two (1914-1929)

• Legislation
• Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1918
• Smith-Hughes Act of 1917
• Veterans Administration (VA)

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Stage 3 (1929-1939) The Great Depression and
the Expectations of a Nation

• Massive immigration into the U. S
• 1929 The U.S. stock market crashed
• Roosevelt Administrations New Deal
• Organized Labor strengthened
• Knights of Labor and American Federation of Labor
  (AFL)

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Stage 3 (1929-1939)

• The child study movement
• Social Security Act, 1935
• Jewish Vocational Services
• The Dictionary of Occupational Titles (1939)

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Stage 4 World War II, More Testing and Major
Theoretical Influences (1940-1957)

• Military and Non-military assessment
• MBTI, Strongs Interest Inventory
• Occupational Outlook Handbook (OHH)
• The Dictionary of Occupational Titles (1939)

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Stage 4 (1940-1957)

• Legislation
• GI Bill of 1946
• George-Barden Act

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Stage 4 (1940-1957)

• Vocational Guidance replaced
• Developmental perspectives
• e.g., Erickson
• New psychological theories
• Maslow, Rogers
• New Career Theories
• Super, Ginzberg, Ann Roe

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Stage 4 (1940-1957)

• Division of Counseling Psychology in 1952
• American Personnel and Guidance Association
  (APGA) in 1952

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Stage 5 1958-1970 The Space Race, Civil Rights
and the Great Society

• Boom for counseling
• Von Bertalanffys (1968) systems theory
• Work Adjustment theory

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Stage 5 1958-1970

• Legislation in general
• Minority groups and women issues addressed and
  involved in vocational legislation, along with
  the emergence of affirmative action
• Barriers to vocational success were overtly
  considered for the first time
• Vocational guidance became even more integral to
  legislation aimed at reducing economic or
  occupational woes.

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Stage 5 1958-1970

• Most Significant legislation
• The National Defense Education Act (NDEA) of 1958
  
• Community Mental Health Centers Act of 1963
• Civil Rights Act of 1964

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Stage 5 1958-1970

• Other Significant legislation
• Manpower Development and Training Act of 1962
• Economic Opportunity Act of 1964
• Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967

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Stage 6 The Boom Years Continue (1970-1979)

• Watergate and the end of the Vietnam War
• Surge in popularity of vocational counseling
• Womens Educational Equity Act of 1974
• Equal Employment Opportunity Coordinating
  Council
• 1973 Rehabilitation Act
• Education for All Handicapped Children Act of
  1977

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Stage 6 (1970-1979)

• NOICC and SOICC
• SIGI Plus, DISCOVER, Career Information System
  (CIS), Guidance Information System (GIS)
• Generalizability concerns of testing

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Stage 6 (1970-1979)

• Bronfenbrenners ecological model
• Banduras Social learning theory
• Krumboltzs theory
• Life Career Development theory

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Stage 6 The Boom Years Continue (1970-1979)

• Public perception of the profession
• National Board of Certified Counselors
  National Certified Career Counselor
• National Career Counselor Exam in 1983

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Stage 7 1980-1989 Inclusion of a Wider Culture

• Growing recognition of diversity
• Decreasing power of organized labor
• Womens entry into the workplace in greater
  numbers
• Legislative focus on connecting youth with
  vocational training

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Stage 7 1980-1989 Inclusion of a Wider Culture

• Career decision-making
• Life Career Theory
• Theory of circumscription and compromise
• Theories challenged to reflect Diversity
• 1984 the NVGA officially changed its name to
  the National Career Development Association
  (NCDA)

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Stage 8 1990-Present

• School-to-work (STW) transition
• Increasing diversity in the workplace
• Discrimination and sexual harassment

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Stage 8 1990-Present

• Aid to Families with Dependent Children
• Job Opportunities and Basic Skills (JOBS)
• School-to-Work Opportunity Act (STWOA)
• Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA)
• Secretarys Commission for Achieving Necessary
  Skills (SCANS)

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Stage 8 1990-2005

• Revision of many theories
• e.g, examination of TWA and Hollands Theory
• Multicultural contributions
• Contextual understanding of career choice
• Blustein and Spenglers (1995) Domain-Sensitive
  Approach
• Gysbers and Moores (1973) Life Career
  Development theory

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Stage 9 The Present

• World and Work Environment changing rapidly
• International economy and recession
• Downsizing, specialization, outsourcing, and
  increased use of temporary labor
• Assessment of measures across cultural groups
• World Wide Web and new ethical challenges
• Advocacy

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Stage 9 The present

• Cultural formulation approach
• Happenstance Theory
• Emancipatory communitarian approach
• Other theories related to diversity
• Voids in legislation
• Joint symposiums IAEVG-SVP-NCDA

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References

• Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The Ecology of Human
  Development Experiments by Nature and Design.
  Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press.
• Krumboltz, J.D. (1979). A social learning theory
  of career decision making. In A.M. Mitchell, G.B.
  Jones, J.D. Krumboltz (Eds.), Social learning
  and career decision making (pp. 19-49). Cranston,
  RI Carroll Press.
• Super, D.E. (1953). A theory of vocational
  development. American Psychologist, 8,
  185-190.Von Bertalanffy, L. (1968). General
  systems theory Foundation, development,
  application. New York Braziller.