Physical and Chemical Properties

1

• Unit 2.2
• Physical and Chemical Properties

2
Objectives

• Match important physical and chemical properties
  to their effects on the chemical and container
• Identify the difference between exposure and
  contamination
• Determine the appropriate DOT class of the product

3
Physical/Chemical Properties

• Physical
• State
• Phase changes
• Vapor pressure
• Specific gravity
• Vapor density
• Solubility

• Chemical
• Flammability
• Reactivity
• Toxicity
• Radioactivity

4
Common Info Sources

• North American Emergency Response Guide Book
  (NAERG)
• NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
• Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

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Material Safety Data Sheets

• Nine basic sections
• Various designs
• Some of better quality

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Product Information
7
Hazardous Ingredients
8
Exposure Limits
9
Physical Data
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Video ? Physical Properties
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Vapor Pressure
Atmospheric Pressure 14.7 p.s.i. or 760 mm/Hg
Low Vapor Pressure
High Vapor Pressure
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Specific Gravity
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Physical Properties (cont.)

• Vapor density
• Comparison of the weight of a vapor to that of
  air being assigned the value of 1
• Solubility/miscibility
• The ability of a substance (solute) to blend
  uniformly with another (solvent)
• Solubility applied to a solid in liquid
• Miscibility applied to a liquid or gas in a
  liquid

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Spill Types

• Physical properties determine spill types

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Fire and Explosion Hazards
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The Fire Triangle
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Flash Point

• The temperature at which a liquid or volatile
  solid gives off vapors sufficient to form an
  ignitable mixture near the surface (NFPA)
• Remember, volatility is a product of vapor
  pressure

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Flammable Range
19
Examples of Flammable Range
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Other Flammable Hazards

• Ignition temperature
• Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosions (BLEVE)
• Boil-over
• Heavy fuels
• Water in the bottom of the storage tank
• Thermocline development during fire

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Other Flammable Hazards

• Pyrophoric
• Hydrophoric
• Flammable solids

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Health Hazards
23
Health Hazards

• Routes of exposure
• Local vs. systemic effects
• Dose response relationship
• Influences of toxicity

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Reactivity Hazards
25
pH and Corrosives
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Reactions

• Rate of reactions
• Quantity, concentration, temperature and pressure
• Explosives
• Fuel, oxidizer, energy, pressure
• Incompatibilities

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EPA Table of Incompatibilities
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Video ? Chemical Reactions
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Spill, Leak and Fire Control
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Personal Protective Equipment
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Special Information

• Special handling
• Special packaging
• Disposal procedures
• Environmental information

32
Radioactive Hazards

• Ionizing radiation
• Common sources
• Natural
• Industrial
• Medical
• Agricultural
• Special nuclear materials

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Types of Ionizing Radiation

• Alpha particle
• Beta particle
• Gamma emission
• X-ray
• Neutron particles

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Radiological Exposure

• Standard unit of measure
• REM (Radiation Equivalence in Man)
• Sv (Seivert) internationally
• 1 Sv 100 REM
• 1 REM 1,000 mREM (milli REM)
• 1 mREM 1,000 ?REM (micro REM)

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Exposure Limits

• Dose vs. dose rate
• Total dose dose rate x duration
• Action levels
• Normal background 8 to 16 ?R/hr
• All actions 5 REM (5,000 mREM)
• Valuable/critical property 10 REM (10,000 mREM)
• Life saving 25 REM (25,000 mREM)
• Any greater exposure must be voluntary
• TD(low) 100 REM, LD(50) 500 REM

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• DOT Hazard Classes and Divisions

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Hazard Classes and Divisions

• 1 ? Explosives
• 1.1 - Mass detonation
• 1.2 - Projectile
• 1.3 - Fire hazard
• 1.4 - No blast hazard
• 1.5 - Blasting agent
• 1.6 - Very insensitive
• 2 ? Gases
• 2.1 - Flammable
• 2.2 - Non-flammable
• 2.3 - Poisonous

• 3 ? Flammable liquid
• 3.1 - Flash point over 140 F
• 3.2 - Flash point less than 140 F
• 4 ? Flammable solids
• 4.1 - Flammable solid
• 4.2 - Spontaneous/pyrophoric
• 4.3 - Dangerous when wet
• 5 ? Oxidizers
• 5.1 - Oxidizers
• 5.2 - Organic peroxides

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Hazard Classes and Divisions

• 6 ? Poisons
• 6.1 - Poisons
• 6.2 - Infectious substances
• 7 ? Radioactive
• 8 ? Corrosives
• 9 ? Miscellaneous

39
Summary

• Physical properties
• Chemical properties
• Common references
• NAERG
• NIOSH Pocket Guide
• MSDS

40

• Activity 2.2
• Assessing Physical and Chemical Properties