Psychological Science, 3rd Edition Michael Gazzaniga Todd Heatherton Diane Halpern

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Psychological Science, 3rd EditionMichael
Gazzaniga Todd Heatherton Diane Halpern
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The Mind and Consciousness

• 4

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Overview of Chapter Questions

• How is the Conscious Mind Experienced?
• What Is Sleep?
• What is Altered Consciousness?
• How do Drugs Affect Consciousness?

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How is the Conscious Mind Experienced?

• Consciousness is a Subjective Experience
• There are Variations in Conscious Experience
• Splitting the Brain Splits the Conscious Mind
• Unconscious Processing Influences Behavior
• Brain Activity Produces Consciousness

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Learning Objectives

• Define consciousness.
• Summarize research findings on the role played by
  the interpreter in split-brain and normal people.

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Consciousness is a Subjective Experience

• Subjectivity and qualia each of us experiences
  consciousness subjectively
• we cannot know if any two people experience the
  world in exactly the same way
• Two components the contents of consciousness
  and level of consciousness
• Access to Information

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Figure 4.2
One difficult question related to consciousness
is how people experience qualia, the
phenomenological percepts of the world. For
instance, does red look the same to everyone who
has normal color vision?
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Consciousness is a Subjective Experience

• Brain imaging research has shown how particular
  regions of the brain are activated by particular
  types of sensory information.
• Miguel Nicolelis and his research on rhesus
  monkeys
• John Donoghue and BrainGate

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Figure 4.3
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There are Variations in Conscious Experience

• Consciousness and Coma
• The persistent vegetative state
• Full consciousness
• Between these two is the minimally vegetative
  state
• Ethical issues surround the use of brain evidence
  for end-of-life decisions

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There are Variations in Conscious Experience

• conscious experience is a continuous stream of
  thoughts that often floats from one thought to
  another
• consciousness is a unified and coherent
  experiencethere is a limit to how many things
  you can be conscious of at the same time

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Splitting the Brain Splits the Conscious Mind

• When you split the brain, do you split the mind?
• the corpus callosum connects the brains
  hemispheres
• severing the corpus callosum produces split brain
  
• Differences in right and left hemisphere function

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Figure 4.7
Images from the left side go to the brains right
hemisphere, and images from the right side go to
the left hemisphere.
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Splitting the Brain Splits the Conscious Mind

• Left hemisphere dominant for language
• Right hemisphere dominant for spatial
  relationships
• Splitting the brain splits the mind the brain
  halves contain independent perceptions, thoughts,
  and consciousness
• Gazzaniga Split-Brain experiments and research

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Figure 4.8 (Left)
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Figure 4.8 (Right)
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Splitting the Brain Splits the Conscious Mind

• the Interpreter a left hemisphere process that
  strives to make sense of events
• hemispheres work together to reconstruct
  experiences
• split brain research left hemisphere / right
  hemisphere actions and explanations do not
  correlate

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The Left Hemisphere Interpreter Exercise
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Figure 4.9
On the basis of limited information, the left
hemisphere attempts to explain behavior governed
by the right hemisphere.
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ZAPS The Norton Psychology Labs
Split Brain
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Unconscious Processing Influences Behavior

• The case for unconscious influence
• Priming effects
• Subliminal Perception
• The Freudian Slip
• The Smart Unconscious research by Dijksterhuis
  and Nordgren shows unconscious processing
  valuable for complex decisions where pros/cons
  are difficult to weigh

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Figure 4.11
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Brain Activity Produces Consciousness

• Blindsight
• Global Workspace Model

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Areas of Awareness Exercise
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Figure 4.12
A central theme emerging from cognitive
neuroscience is that awareness of different
aspects of the world is associating with
functioning in different parts of the brain.
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The Cerebrum Animation
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What is Sleep?

• Sleep Is an Altered State of Consciousness
• Sleep Is an Adaptive Behavior
• Sleep and Wakefulness Are Regulated by Multiple
  Neural Mechanisms
• People Dream while Sleeping

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Learning Objectives

• List and describe the stages of sleep.
• Explain why we sleep and dream.

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Sleep Is an Altered State of Consciousness

• the difference between being awake and being
  asleep has as much to do with conscious
  experience as with biological processes.
• using an EEG, researchers have measured the
  patterns of electrical brain activity during the
  different stages of normal sleep
• Stage 1 is characterized by theta waves
• Stage 2 is characterized by K complex
• Stages 3 and 4 are characterized by delta waves
• REM sleep occurs after approximately 90 minutes
  of sleep

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Figure 4.13
Using an EEG, researchers measured these
examples of the patterns of electrical brain
activity during different stages of normal sleep.
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Figure 4.14
This chart illustrates the normal stages of sleep
over the course of the night.
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Sleep Is an Adaptive Behavior

• Researchers have proposed three general
  explanations for sleeps adaptiveness
• restoration
• circadian cycles
• the facilitation of learning

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Sleep Is an Adaptive Behavior

• restoration restorative theory suggests sleep
  allows the brain and body to rest and repair
  themselves
• sleep deprivation causes mood problems and a
  decrease in cognitive performance
• microsleeps result from sleep deprivation

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Sleep Is an Adaptive Behavior

• circadian cycles brain and other physiological
  processes are regulated into patterns
• body temperature
• hormone levels
• sleep/wake cycles
• sleep is an evolutionary adaptation to avoid
  danger

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Sleep Is an Adaptive Behavior

• the facilitation of learning sleep is part of
  the process of strengthening neural connections
  that serve as the basis of learning
• slow-wave sleep
• REM sleep

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Table 4.1
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Sleep and Wakefulness Are Regulated by Multiple
Neural Mechanisms

• multiple neural mechanisms are involved in
  producing and maintaining circadian rhythms of
  sleep
• a tiny structure in the brain called the pineal
  gland secretes melatonin, a hormone that travels
  through the bloodstream and affects various
  receptors in both the body and the brain

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The Pineal Gland Exercise
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Figure 4.17
The biological clock signals the pineal gland to
secrete melatonin, which affects bodily states
related to being tired.
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Sleep and Wakefulness Are Regulated by Multiple
Neural Mechanisms

• Researchers have identified a gene that
  influences sleep, called SLEEPLESS
• this gene regulates a protein that, like many
  anesthetics, reduces action potentials in the
  brain

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People Dream while Sleeping

• dreams occur in REM and non-REM sleep, although
  the dreams contents differ in the two types of
  sleep
• REM sleep bizarre, emotion-filled,
  visual/auditory hallucinations, often illogical
• non-REM sleep dull, mundane content and
  activities

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Figure 4.18
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People Dream while Sleeping

• What do dreams mean?
• Freud dreams have hidden content that represent
  unconscious conflicts
• manifest content
• latent content

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People Dream while Sleeping

• What do dreams mean?
• Alan Hobson the activation-synthesis hypothesis
• random neural stimulation activate mechanisms
  that normally interpret visual input
• the mind synthesizes activity in visual/motor
  neurons with stored memories

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People Dream while Sleeping

• What do dreams mean?
• Antti Revonsuo evolved threat-rehearsal
  strategies
• dreams simulate threatening events to allow
  people to rehearse coping strategies
• dreams the result of evolution - providing
  solutions to adaptive problems

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What is Altered Consciousness?

• Hypnosis Is Induced through Suggestion
• Meditation Produces Relaxation
• People Can Lose Themselves Activities

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Learning Objective

• Evaluate the concept of hypnosis to determine if
  it is a real phenomenon.

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Hypnosis Is Induced Through Suggestion

• hypnosis involves a social interaction during
  which a person, responding to suggestions,
  experiences changes in memory, perception, and/or
  voluntary action
• psychological scientists generally agree that
  hypnosis affects some people, but they do not
  agree on whether it produces a genuinely altered
  state of consciousness

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Hypnosis Is Induced Through Suggestion

• theories of hypnosis
• sociocognitive theory of hypnosis hypnotized
  people behave as they expect hypnotized people to
  behave
• dissociation theory of hypnosis the hypnotic
  state is an altered, trance-like state where
  conscious awareness is dissociated from other
  aspects of consciousness

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Figure 4.19
This PET image from one of Stephen Kosslyns
studies shows that areas in the visual cortex
associated with color perception are activated
more when hypnotized participants are told to
imagine colora finding that suggests the brain
follows hypnotic suggestions.
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Hypnosis Is Induced Through Suggestion

• hypnosis for pain
• hypnotic analgesia is pain reduction through
  hypnosis
• effective for immediate and chronic pain
• self-hypnosis for post-surgical pain

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Meditation Produces Relaxation

• meditation is a mental procedure that focuses
  attention on an external object or on a sense of
  awareness
• through intense contemplation, the meditator
  develops a deep sense of calm tranquility
• concentrative meditation
• mindfulness meditation

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People Can Lose Themselves in Actvities

• a persons level of conscious awareness changes
  as a result of the time of day as well as the
  persons activities
• exercise (runners high), religious prayer
  (ecstasy), and flow are areas where levels of
  conscious awareness shift or change

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How Do Drugs Affect Consciousness?

• People Useand AbuseMany Psychoactive Drugs
• Alcohol Is the Most Widely Abused Drug
• Addiction Has Psychological and Physical Aspects

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Learning Objective

• Describe the effects of marijuana, of stimulants,
  of MDMA, and of opiates.

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People Useand AbuseMany Psychoactive Drugs

• many of the same psychoactive drugs used for
  medical treatment are also used for
  recreational purposes
• drug use alters physical sensations, levels of
  consciousness, thoughts, moods, and behaviors in
  ways that users believe are desirable
• recreational drug use sometimes can have negative
  consequences

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People Useand AbuseMany Psychoactive Drugs

• Marijuana
• most widely used illegal drug
• THC (tetrahydrocannibinol) produces relaxed
  mental state, uplifted/contented mood, and
  perceptual/cognitive distortions
• Concentration of cannabinoid receptors in the
  hippocampus (memory impairment)
• Medicinal properties are controversial

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People Useand AbuseMany Psychoactive Drugs

• Stimulants
• activate sympathetic nervous system (increased
  heart rate and blood pressure)
• improve mood
• cause restlessness and disrupt sleep
• cocaine
• amphetamines (speed, meth, etc.) blocks reuptake
  of and increases the release of dopamine

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People Useand AbuseMany Psychoactive Drugs

• MDMA
• known commonly as ecstasy
• similar effects as stimulants, with slight
  hallucinations
• less dopamine release, more serotonin release
• Opiates
• heroine, morphine, codeine
• Increased dopamine activation in the nucleus
  accumbens, binding with opiate receptors
• Highly addictive due to dual activation of
  dopamine and opiate receptors

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Alcohol Is the Most Widely Abused Drug

• Americans have a love/hate relationship with
  alcohol
• On the one hand, moderate drinking is an accepted
  aspect of normal social interaction and may even
  be good for health.
• On the other hand, alcohol is a major contributor
  to many of our societal problems, such as spousal
  abuse and other forms of violence.

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Alcohol Is the Most Widely Abused Drug

• Gender Differences in Alcohol Consumption Across
  Cultures
• men twice as likely to report binge drinking,
  chronic drinking, recent alcohol intoxication
• Four key factors
• Power
• Sex
• Risks
• Responsibilities

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Alcohol Is the Most Widely Abused Drug

• Expectations
• alcohol reduces anxiety
• alcohol increases social skills, sexual pleasure,
  confidence, power
• Reality
• large doses of alcohol result in negative moods
  and focus on problems and anxieties
• Alcohol impairs motor processes, information
  processing, mood, sexual performance
• Learned beliefs about intoxication influence
  behavior

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Addiction Has Psychological and Physical Aspects

• addiction is a physiological state in which
  failing to ingest a substance leads to symptoms
  of withdrawal, a state characterized by anxiety,
  tension, and craving
• physical dependence is associated with tolerance,
  so that a person needs to consume more of the
  substance to achieve the same subjective effect
• dopamine activity in the limbic system is central
  to addiction and rewarding properties of drugs

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Addiction Has Psychological and Physical Aspects

• psychological dependence refers to habitual and
  compulsive substance use despite the consequences
• people can be psychologically dependent without
  showing tolerance or withdrawal
• individuals can be psychologically dependent on
  behaviors like gambling or shopping

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• www.wwnorton.com/studyspace

Diagnostic Quizzes Visual Quizzes Chapter
Reviews Review Podcasts Vocabulary
Flashcards Video Podcasts Video
Exercises Animations Critical-Thinking Activities
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Concept Quiz

• 1. Roger is suffering from severe epilepsy. To
  control it, he opts to have this brain area
  severed thus separating the two hemispheres of
  the brain.
• a. corpus callosum
• b. frontal lobe
• c. hypothalamus
• d. amygdala

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Concept Quiz

• 2. Mike, a split-brain patient, is shown a key in
  his left visual field and a ring in his right
  visual field. He is asked what he sees. Which
  of the following is most likely his answer?
• a. nothing
• b. a key
• c. a ring
• d. a key ring

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Concept Quiz

• 3. Larry has lost his vision following a couple
  of strokes. However, when he takes he kids to
  the mall he amazes them by guessing fairly
  accurately the expressions of people without
  actually seeing them. This phenomenon of visual
  processing without visual awareness is known as
• a. qualia
• b. subliminal perception
• c. blindsight
• d. unconscious awareness

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Concept Quiz

• 4. For revenge, Joe wants to put shaving cream
  on his roommates face and write "STUPID" on his
  forehead. Which sleep stage should he pick for
  his roommate to be least likely to detect this?
• a. Stage 1
• b. Stage 2
• c. REM
• d. Stage 4

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Concept Quiz

• 5. Nancy has been depressed throughout the
  winter. She tries something new and cuts her
  sleep in half for a week. Amazingly, this helps
  lift her spirits. This effect likely works
  because sleep deprivation leads to increased
  activation of __________ receptors.
• a. acetylcholine
• b. dopamine
• c. serotonin
• d. GABA

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Visual Quiz
C
D
A
B
What area of the brain is associated with seeing
and hearing things?
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Visual Quiz
C
D
A
B
What area of the brain is called the occipital
lobe?
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Visual Quiz
D
C
A
B
What area of the brain is called the frontal
motor cortex?
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Visual Quiz
D
C
A
B
What area of the brain is associated with
understanding plans?
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Visual Quiz
B
A
What letter above represents the right visual
field?
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Visual Quiz
B
A
What letter above represents the left visual
field?
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Visual Quiz
B
A
What hemisphere of the brain is better with
language?
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Visual Quiz
B
A
What hemisphere of the brain is better with
spatial relationships?
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Visual Quiz
B
A
Which hemisphere of the brain processes images
from the left side?
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Visual Quiz
B
A
Which hemisphere of the brain processes images
from the right side?