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Aquatic Ecosystems

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Title: Aquatic Ecosystems


1
Aquatic Ecosystems
  • Chapter 7

2
Aquatic Environments Types and Characteristics
  • Aquatic life zones
  • Saltwater
  • Freshwater

3
The Aquatic World
Fig. 5-23a, p. 96
4
Organisms in Aquatic Life Zones
  • Phytoplankton
  • Zooplankton
  • Nekton- Strong swimming (fish, sharks, etc.)
  • Benthos - Bottom-dwelling (crabs, shellfish,
    worms)
  • Decomposers

Free floating
5
Factors that Limit Life with Water Depth
  • Temperature
  • Sunlight (photosynthesis, euphotic zone)
  • Dissolved oxygen content
  • Availability of nutrients (like phosphorus and
    nitrates- net primary productivity)

6
Saltwater Life Zones
  • Open ocean
  • Coastal zone
  • Estuaries
  • Coastal wetlands
  • Mangrove swamps
  • Intertidal zones (rocky shores and barrier
    beaches)
  • Coral reefs

7
Major Life Zones in the Ocean
High tide
Open Sea
Sun
Low tide
Coastal Zone
Sea level
Euphotic Zone
Photosynthesis
Estuarine Zone
Continental shelf
Bathyal Zone
Twilight
Abyssal Zone
  • Biological Zones in Open Sea
  • Euphotic zone
  • Bathyal zone
  • Abyssal zone

Darkness
Fig. 5-26, p. 98
8
Marine Ecosystems
Natural Capital
Marine Ecosystems
EcologicalServices
EconomicServices
Climate moderation CO2 absorption Nutrient
cycling Waste treatment and dilution Reduced
storm impact (mangrove, barrier islands, coastal
wetlands) Habitats and nursery areas for marine
and terrestrial species Genetic resources and
biodiversity Scientific information
Food Animal and pet feed (fish
meal) Pharmaceuticals Harbors and
transportation routes Coastal habitats for
humans Recreation Employment Offshore oil and
natural gas Minerals Building materials
Fig. 5-25, p. 97
9
Estuaries
  • Where freshwater and saltwater meet.
  • Highly variable environment
  • (salinity, temperature, light penetration
    rapidly changes).
  • Many fishes and shellfish spend larval stages
    here.

10
Sediment Plume in an Estuary
Madagascars Betsiboka River flowing into
Mozambique Channel
Fig. 5-27, p. 98
11
Estuaries
  • Two general types

1) Salt marshes
12
Salt Marsh in Lake Titicaca, Peru
Fig. 5-28b, p. 99
13
Salt Marsh Ecosystem
Herring gulls
Peregrine falcon
Producer to primary consumer
Snowy egret
Cordgrass
Short-billed dowitcher
Primary to secondary consumer
Marsh periwinkle
Secondary to higher-level consumer
Phytoplankton
Smelt
All producers and consumers to decomposers
Zooplankton and small crustaceans
Soft-shelled clam
Clamworm
Bacteria
Fig. 5-28a, p. 99
14
Marine Ecosystems
  • Intertidal Zone

15
Beach Organisms
Hermit crab
Shore crab
Sea star
Rocky Shore Beach
High tide
Periwinkle
Sea urchin
Anemone
Mussel
Low tide
Sculpin
Barnacles
Kelp
Sea lettuce
Monterey flatworm
Nudibranch
Fig. 5-29a, p. 101
16
Beach Organisms
Barrier beach
Beach flea
Peanut worm
Tiger beetle
Blue crab
Clam
Dwarf olive
High tide
Sandpiper
Ghost shrimp
Silversides
Low tide
Mole shrimp
White sand macoma
Sand dollar
Moon snail
Fig. 5-29b, p. 101
17
Barrier island Miami Beach
18
Primary and Secondary Beach Dunes
Ocean
Beach Intensive recreation, no building
Primary Dune No direct passage or building
Trough Limited recreation and walkways
Secondary Dune No direct passage or building
Bay or Lagoon Intensive recreation
Back Dune Most suitable for development
Bay shore No filling
Grasses or shrubs
Taller shrubs
Taller shrubs and trees
Fig. 5-30, p. 102
19
Coral Reef Ecosystem
Gray reef shark
Green sea turtle
Sea nettle
Producer to primary consumer
Fairy basslet
Blue tangs
Primary to secondary consumer
Parrot fish
Sergeant major
Brittle star
Banded coral shrimp
Hard corals
Algae
Secondary to higher-level consumer
Phytoplankton
Coney
Symbiotic algae
Zooplankton
Blackcap basslet
All producers and consumers to decomposers
Sponges
Moray eel
Bacteria
Fig. 5-31, p. 102
20
Global Distribution of Coral Reefs
21
Major Threats to Coral Reefs
Natural Capital Degradation
Coral Reefs
Ocean warming Soil erosion Algae growth from
fertilizer runoff Mangrove destruction Coral
reef bleaching Rising sea levels Increased UV
exposure from ozone depletion Using cyanide and
dynamite to harvest coral reef fish Coral
removal for building material, aquariums, and
jewelry Damage from anchors, ships, and tourist
divers
Fig. 5-32, p. 103
22
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23
Human Impacts on Marine Ecosystems
Natural Capital Degradation
Marine Ecosystems
Half of coastal wetlands lost to agriculture and
urban development Over one-third of mangrove
forests lost since 1980 to agriculture,
development, and aquaculture shrimp farms About
10 of worlds beaches eroding because of coastal
development and rising sea level Ocean bottom
habitats degraded by dredging and trawler fishing
boats Over 25 of coral reefs severely damaged
and 11 have been destroyed
Fig. 5-33, p. 103
24
Aquatic Ecosystems
  • Human Impacts on the Ocean

25
Aquatic Ecosystems
  • Human Impacts on the Ocean

26
Freshwater Life Zones
  • Standing (lentic) water - lakes and ponds
  • Flowing (lotic) water - streams and rivers

27
Major Services of Freshwater Systems
Natural Capital
Freshwater Systems
EcologicalServices
EconomicServices
Food Drinking water Irrigation
water Hydroelectricity Transportation corridors
Recreation Employment
Climate moderation Nutrient cycling Waste
treatment and dilution Flood control Groundwater
recharge Habitats for aquatic and terrestrial
species Genetic resources and biodiversity Scien
tific information
Where does our freshwater come from???
Fig. 5-34, p. 104
28
Zones in a Temperate Lake
Sunlight
Painted turtle
Green frog
Blue-winged teal
Muskrat
Pond snail
Littoral zone
Limnetic zone
Diving beetle
Plankton
Profundal zone
Benthic zone
Northern pike
Yellow perch
Bloodworms
Fig. 5-35, p. 105
29
Freshwater Ecosystems
  • Lakes and Ponds

30
Freshwater Ecosystems
  • Lakes and Ponds

31
Freshwater Ecosystems
  • Thermal stratification in temperate lakes

32
Freshwater Ecosystems
  • Turnover in temperate lakes

33
Nutrient effects on lakes and streams
  • Oligotrophic- nutrient poor, therefore low net
    primary productivity clear blue-green water
  • Eutrophic- nutrient rich with nitrates and
    phosphates lead to increase algae and excessive
    growth of producers murky brown or green water
    with poor visibility.

34
Humans accelerate eutrophication of lakes and
streams
  • Animation of river eutrophication

35
Freshwater Streams and Rivers
  • Surface water- precipitation that does not sink
    into the ground.
  • Runoff
  • Watershed or drainage basin- area of land where
    rivers and streams come together (river basin-
    all the water drains into a large river)
  • Aquifers- porous, water-saturated layers of
    sand, gravel or bedrock that are filled from
    surface water percolating down through the
    sediments.
  • Water table- upper surface of the zone of
    saturation , where all pores between sediment
    particles are filled with water.

36
  • Flowing water zones- (Planet Earth)
  • Source Tend to be narrow, swift, clear, cold,
    nutrient poor, and highly oxygenated not very
    productive
  • Transition warmer, wider, deeper streams,
    support more producers than source zone
  • Floodplain Tend to be wide, deeper river meet
    valleys. slow, cloudy, warm, nutrient rich, and
    less oxygenated large levels of algae, aquatic
    plant

37
Stream Zones
Rain and snow
Lake
Glacier
Rapids
Waterfall
Tributary
Flood plain
Oxbow lake
Salt marsh
Ocean
Delta
Deposited sediment
Source Zone
Transition Zone
Water
Sediment
Floodplain Zone
Fig. 5-36, p. 106
38
Freshwater Inland Wetlands
  • Importance of inland wetlands
  • Natural sponges/ remove pollutants
  • Diverse habitats
  • Types of wetlands
  • Marshes (dominated by grasses/reeds)
  • Swamps (dominated by trees/shrubs)
  • Prairie potholes (depressions carved out by
    glaciers)
  • Floodplains
  • Arctic tundra (in summer)
  • Seasonal wetlands

39
Freshwater Ecosystems
  • Freshwater Swamps
  • Marsh

40
Freshwater Ecosystems
  • Prairie potholes
  • Floodplain- Mississippi River

41
Freshwater Ecosystems
  • Artic tundra- Alaska in summer

42
Human Impacts on Freshwater Systems
  • Dams, diversions and canals - Animation
  • Flood control levees and dikes
  • Pollutants from cities and farmlands
  • Wetland destruction

43
Interaction of Life Zones
  • Case-in-Point The Everglades

44
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45
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46
What are the Everglades?
  • Used to cover over 11,000 square miles flowing
    from Kissimmee River to Lake Okeechobee, and then
    south through the Everglades to Florida Bay (KOE
    watershed)
  • Spans up to 60 miles in width, but can be only 6
    inches in depth in some areas
  • Considered a hot spot of biodiversity
  • Only area in the world where Alligators and
    Crocodiles exist side by side
  • Nicknamed River of Grass (Marjorie Stoneman
    Douglas)

47
History of the Everglades
  • 1905- FL governor Napoleon Bonaparte Broward
    began the push to drain the Everglades
  • Miami and Ft. Lauderdale were created when tracts
    of land were drained into farmland
  • 1948- Central and South Florida Project (US
    congress)-- created man-made canals and levees
    moving over 1 billion gallons of water daily into
    the ocean
  • The Everglades is now one half of the size it
    used to be due to this change

48
What is being done?
  • CERP (Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan)
  • 30 year, 10.9 billion
  • 50-50 partnership with FL and US govts
  • Improve water quality and water flow
  • Flow maps

49
The major CERP Plan components
  • Surface Water Storage Reservoirs
  • Water Preserve Areas
  • Management of Lake Okeechobee as an Ecological
    Resource
  • Improved Water Deliveries to the Estuaries
  • Underground Water Storage
  • Treatment Wetlands
  • Improved Water Deliveries to the Everglades
  • Removal of Barriers to Sheetflow
  • Storage of Water in Existing Quarries
  • Reuse of Wastewater
  • Improved Water Conservation
  • Additional Feasibility Studies
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